Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJSThe first yard in the decision-making process, which starts when the police argon notified of or discover a crime, is investigation. Investigation go under the Police subsystem of the shepherds crook justness system (CJS). Identification of a suspect and gathering enough establish to warrant an arrest ar the fundamental functions of an investigation. If the police feel they have reason to initiate a search, the standard they must meet in order to do so is likely puzzle. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) (Appalachian pronounce University, p. 1)The second step in the process is arrest. not counting traffic, in that respect are 11 million arrests per year. Murder, rape, assault and early(a) severe crimes account for slightly little than 2 million of those arrests. notwithstanding approximately 20% of crimes police know of end in an arrest. Obviously, arrest, equal investigation, lies under the Police subsystem of the CJS (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) pursual arrest a suspect is brought in for booking, the third step of the CJS. Booking creates an administrative record of the suspect and ordinarily includes both photographing and fingerprinting. This is the final step of the CJS that f alls under the Police subsystem. (Appalachian State University, p. 1)Charging fol minuscules booking and is the fourth step of the CJS. It is also the first stage that involves the administration subsystem. If a prosecutor decides there is enough evidence of good tint to show the suspect is vile of the crime they have been arrested for, the suspect whitethorn then be charged with a specific crime. (Appalachian State University, p. 1)Following charging is the initial appearance. Several things happen at an initial appearance. Defendants are notified of the charges they are facing, they are informed of their rights, and a date for their antecedent hearing is decided. about 75% of defendants are censured immediately as a result of unlawful pleas at the initial appearance. The initial appearance falls under the move subsystem.Bail is set by the calculate for defendants who do not maintain guilty. This is the near significant kick downstairs of a defendants initial appearance. It is also mathematical function of the moves subsystem. In theory, defendants who cannot pay are held in jail until their trial solely in practice, jails are overcrowded to the point that only defendants charged with a stark crime are not released. This is step six in the reprehensible justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12)Step seven is the preliminary hearing, which is fortune of the courts subsystem of the CJS. At the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor must convince the judge there is enough evidence to prove that a crime was committed and that there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime. This is intended as a obstructor against baseless pursuits notwithstanding in reality, probable caus e is a low enough standard that most defendants are held for further action. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13)The grand board provides citizens a buffer against groundless prosecutions. The grand jury is part of the court subsystem. All federal felony prosecutions require a grand jury but they are only used in roughly half of all states. If he succeeds in persuading a simple majority of the grand jurors that there is probable cause that there was a crime committed and probable cause that the defendant committed that crime, an indictment is returned. The grand jury is the one-eighth step of the CJS. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13)If the grand jury finds that there is probable cause to slide by they return an accusation, in writing, charging the defendant with the crime. This written accusation is known as an indictment, it falls under the court subsystem of the CJS, and is the ninth step of the process. (Albany County District Attorneys Office, p. 1)The tenth part step in the culpable justi ce system is the arraignment. This step is part of the court subsystem. As at the initial appearance, defendants are advised of their rights. This is unremarkably more extensive at the arraignment. Defendants also receive a imitate of the formal charges against them, before entering a plea. Not guilty is the most common plea at this stage. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13)The trial is the eleventh step of the C1JS and is part of the courts subsystem. Guaranteed by the Constitution, the trial is the most essential right of the defendant. Trials may be either bench (the defendant is tried by a judge only) or jury. In the case of a jury trial, the sequence is possible action statements by the prosecution and the defense, the prosecution calls the first witness, closing arguments by the prosecution and the defense, the judge instructs the jury regarding the law, and the jury deliberates in secret. Over 90% of criminal trials end in inmateions. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14)Following a guilt y verdict, the judge leave behind decide on prison, probation or a fine. This is the sentencing phase and is the twelfth step in the CJS. Fines are very unusual in felony cases. The death penalisation may be a possibility although it is limited to only somewhat first-degree murder cases.1 (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14)The conjures stage is the thirteenth step of the decision-making process and is part of the courts subsystem. just about defendants who are found guilty at trial bear down an appeal with an appellate court. close to defendants who have pled guilty do not file appeals. Only 10% of defendants win their appeals. The most important attribute of an appellate court is that it can decide policy matters that affect the entire criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14)Corrections, the fourteenth step, is the third subsystem of the CJS. Once defendants have been found guilty they are most frequently incarcerated. The most common sentence of sometime(prenominal) t wo centuries, incarceration deprives prisoners of their freedom and isolates them from society. The United States has the worlds largest share of its population in prison and these prisons are severely overcrowded. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 379) (Appalachian State University, p. 1)The last of the criminal justice systems decision-making steps, number 14, is release. There are several ways a convict may obtain release serving the full sentence impose by the courts, parole or pardon. The most cost effective sentence is parole, a form of punishment that allows a convicted criminal to live in the community provided they meet a variety of conditions while they do so. Convicted criminals may also be incarcerated. In general, jails are intended for terms of less than one year and prisons are meant for terms over one year. Most prisoners do not serve the full term of their sentences.