Interpretation and criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpretation and criticism - Essay ExampleAt the time when Sontag wrote this, pop art was very(prenominal) popular, which had room only for experience, but hardly much for interpretation. This was also a fall-out of the fact that art critics scarce before this time were very eager to categorize every work of art into certain theories and pre-conceived notions, which do way for a very forced manner of looking at things.It is also true that unison needs to be analyzed in order to be learned, and this involves the dissection of their beloved medium for medicament lovers who also yearn to master it. But after one has absorbed the technicalities of music, they become a sort of guerrilla nature, and do not hinder the love and appreciations of the art form. In fact, when one is aware of how exactly the music is made, the enjoyment becomes keener. It is just a matter of going through the difficult transitional learning human body without losing interest or ardor.From our discussion here it is clear that analysis and interpretation are necessary in order to appreciate and gain an understanding of art. But it is important to do this while keeping pertly the immediate experience that art provides, so as to fully enjoy it and not impose every meanings that even the artist may not have intended in the first place.Athol

A short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A short story - Essay ExampleIn those days messages were received and delivered by telegram. Joe learns that his wife is very ill and would not be able to make it till the end of the day. On receiving another telegram he refuses to open it. He later tears the telegram off without teaching it because he is afraid to receive bad countersign. He wants his wife to stay alive. Such is the emotional hurt of the short story The teensy Wife.Set in an imaginary place in Alabama called Reedyville, The Little Wife, is a lyrical account of the human afflictions. It is reasonably a thespian start when Joe learns of his wifes sickness. When he receives the telegram and is t sexagenarian that it was waiting for him for two hours, he is not only unable to overcome the news of his wifes ill-health but also the fact that he was laughing away sharing old stories with the buyer when it must have been waiting for him. This disbelief creates a sense of guilt even in the reader but with an aspect of a ccusation for Joe. March describes the moment of the arrival of the second telegram sooner dramatically. Joe feels weak and slightly nauseated while the unopened telegram is clenched in his hand (March, 1935). The hesitation gets on the readers nerves while March allows Joes situation to settle in. He hides his fears but he is noticeable by the brakeman who inquires if he is doing fine. Marchs candid style and the illusory precision of al-Qaida give the story an edge over any other writer of his time. He is capable of reflecting the emotions of a heart-wrenched man who is resisting discovering the truth knowing that it may be a strong possibility. As he sees Mrs. Thompkins spiffed up in black on the other side of the fence, he is still in the denial phase. He waves at her vivaciously acting against his will, trying his best to win cards with nature.March portrays a coloured picture of a man struggling to reach out to his soul mate who is

Seugman Rhee's relationship with China Term Paper

Seugman Rhees relationship with china - Term Paper ExampleThe common perception is that China was a common enemy in the Korean War. However, some scholars have intimated that China played a type in the outbreak of the Korean War by siding with the Soviet Union. While the issue of Chinas desire to curve their identity as a recognizable entity, there is also the judgement that being a communist state they felt obliged to defend their ideologies by supporting the like-minded matrimony Korea. Having been led by Seugman Rhee since independent, southwest Korea was directly leaning towards United States capitalism and democratic ideologies. South Korea became an enemy of the communists North Korea and China supported by Soviet Union. Seugman Rhee was a strong advocate of eject trade economy and democracy, probably due to his instruction background in the United States. South Koreas Seugman Rhee had a strained relationship with China during his rule, largely due to his belief in free market economy and democratic leaning ideologies fronted by the United States, as opposed to Chinas collectivism ideology spearheaded by the Soviet Union and North Korea. Although Rhee had a link with China after his archean years in a Chinese school, he loathed at the communism ideology, and instead favoured capitalism. In pronounce to understand this relationship, it is important to understand Seugman Rhees background as a young man, student and semipolitical life. The Life of Seugman Rhee Seungman Rhee was the first president of Korea, and later on became the first president of the Republic of South Korea. Born in March 26, 1875, Rhee led Korea when the country was in serious turbulence both internally and externally. Considered an anti-communist in an era when communism was rampant in the region, the Korean strongman led the country in the Korean War. Rhees governance between 1948 and 1960 was adversely affected by the threats from Cold War in the region. Rhee later resi gned as a president after facing protests from the masses who accused him of rigging an election against his opponents. Exiled in Hawaii, United States, Rhee later died in July 19, 1965. The Korean War of 1950s happened during Rhees reign, and he was accused by the communist North and his political opponents in South Korea of instigating war. Despite having close association with China over his schooling years, Rhee did not find communism ideologies acceptable. Although Rhee was born in a rural family in the Province of Hwanghae Province, the family moved to capital of South Korea when he was two years old. He was later got introduced into the Chinese langu develop through early education on the Chinese literature. His family was poor and worse still this did not improve even as he grew up. However, Rhee received a critical break when he began his classical Chinese education at the age of twenty. The school, Paejae missionary institution was meant to prepare Rhee for a career as a g overnment serviceman. It is during this period that Rhee fall in the Independent Club and the Debating Society founded by the United States educated reformers such as Chae-pil. The expulsion of Chae-pil from Korea in 1898 gave way for the new leadership of the organization, which included Rhee and others (Sutter 27). Rhees move to United States helped him acquire a full stop from George Washington University, Harvard, and Princeton. It is during his stay in the United States that he formed the

Poplar Branch by Grace Benedict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poplar Branch by Grace Benedict - Essay ExampleSimilarly, concerning birthdays the poplar tree tree uncertainty for individuals born between noble-minded 5th and 13th. These individuals are associated with characters such as artistic, lonely, lacking confidence and organized. Finall(a)y, according to the Heraldry, the poplar tree is authoritative as representation of strength. Grace Benedicts artwork is a picture of a poplar tree showtime. The artwork is a single branch of the poplar tree with several leaves attached to the branch, unless with some falling off the branch. In this artwork, Benedict uses gentleness and smoothness in both the colour and texture, that resonates with the wonderful life history and significance attached to the poplar tree. Poplar branch represents beauty magnificent spirit that relates to human characters and activities. The smooth and gentleness portrayed in the artwork represent the beautiful temper and graphic symbol of the poplar branch. Poplar tree has always been known to represent smoothness and gentleness because of the significant map it plays in the society. Therefore, the drawing in this case portrays how it is important for humans to embrace gentleness, which will in knock over make life smooth as opposed to rough and rugged. In addition, the painting calls upon the society as a whole to recall the lost memories lost memories and dreams, and through gentleness allow them to thrive and run low a reality. In this artwork, the smoothness is represented by the texture, in which looking at the photo it is all clear that both the background and the material used are all smooth in reputation. Similarly, gentles is represented by the texture, as well as the colors used in this artwork for the leaves among other characters in this artwork. These represent the nature of the tree, and overall the expected nature of human beings in the society as symbolized by the poplar tree. Therefore, the lesson that we can draw from this technique used by the artist is that we as human beings should hold gentles and smoothness a high value in our lives and the society as a whole. The tall and lengthy nature of the poplar tree branch represented in the artwork reveals that it is fast growing, which gives it symbolic qualities cerebrate to human nature. For instance, the tree grows very fast and can grow tall with an extensive root system, and it does non require much coddling to grow fast. This means that the wonderful spirit of the tree teaches human beings how they should dream, and that projects have the world power to manifest quickly and bring great rewards in the shortest time contingent. This extends to the possibilities in life that the tree branch represents, which reminds humans that they rise and grow to higher heights, and achieve these possibilities, as well as dreams (Klimt &Kallir 56). Similarly, the extensive nature of the tree that gives it strength teaches individuals how to endure lifes hardships and keep their feet strong on the ground, or on whatever they engage on in life. In addition, it teaches individuals to overcome personal doubts, fear, which may block possible endeavors. The artist uses several colors and a number of leaves in this branch to portray the variety nature of the poplar tree. For instance, some leaves are green with blue shadows while other leaves are white with menacing shadows. In addition, there are several small branches in the main branch, which

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Comparison - Essay ExampleAt the end of the play, Noras secrets get reveled to Torvald and she discovered that patronage of her eight years marriage with Torvald, she must find courage to leave him. Trifles written by Susen Glaspel is base on a true story. It revolves around investigation of the murder of a farmer John Wright. The heyday suspect of the murder is John Wrights wife, Mrs. Wright who claims she was sleeping when someone strangled her husband. The investigation is carried out by the sheriff, his wife, the attorney and two neighbors Mr. and Mrs. hearty. In this play, it has been shown that men discourage women and their capabilities. The investigation carried out by the men is only if based on forensic evidence where women critically analyzed the case accordingly. Therefore by comparison, we willing be able to observe that both dramas discus about what it means to be a fair sex how men are found to be holding power over women role of two genders realize always dupe n to evolve and change especially in the case of women that they have always struggled for their rights. Also we shall see how women can take an action and stand up for themselves. However we shall also put light on the difference of both womens character.In comparison of both dramas, gender identity has found to be the main aspect in which a evaluation can be made. In Trifles, it has been seen that the sheriff, the attorney and Mr. Hale ignore the point of view of Mrs. Wright and neglect the critical evidences of the dreary marriage life that Mr. and Mrs. Wright had. Basically the furrow of this drama is how woman worry over trifles and one can analyze that the play successfully depicts the qualities of women as they tend to worry over minor things. In the same way the play A snorts House depicts the characters of woman living a troublesome married life. Noras husband Torvald in

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Argument - try ExampleThose who go a race-type car must be jealous at least start out of the time of someone who drives a gas saving car with decent, if not flashy looks.Getting grave gas millilitreage is the main reason someone buys a Volt or Prius Hatchback just now which one gets better mileage is not a straightforward answer. The EPA rates the Volts lithium-ion barrage at a 38 mile range. After the bombardment dies an electric railway locomotive turns on which recharges the battery by powering a generator. The car gets 37 mpg with the engine running. The Prius gets 50 mpg with simply only has about a one mile range when operating on straight electricity. The Prius plug-in model gets a disappointing six-to-15 mile electric range. The bottom line on gas mileage is the Volt does better if you drive 40 miles per day or slight. If you drive 100 or more the Prius is the more economical choice.Unlike a Prius, a Volt can be driven for weeks at a time without putting some(preno minal) gas in it, as long as you drive 40 miles per day or less which many people do. The car will ask the driver if it can turn the engine on every once in a while so the fluids will circulate preventing damage to the engine due to lack of use. Anyone engine needs to be started occasionally to keep the fluids from becoming stale. Volt owners that drive less than 40 miles per day can get the equivalent of 400 miles per gallon.Both cars did well in the crash tests. The Volt is quieter. Mashing the accelerator on a Prius will turn on the engine but not the Volt it stays silent until the whisper-quiet engine kick in. The Volt is slightly larger on the outside but the Prius has more room inside. The Volt carries four people while the Prius holds five. Both be moderately priced but the Prius is a little less expensive, with an asterisk. The Volt runs from $40,000 to $45,000 fully equipped but well-nigh buyers are eligible for a $7,500 rebate from the federal government. The Prius Plug- in Hybrid retails for $32,000 and

The Role of Suspense and Foreshadowing in the Novel Frankenstein Essay

The division of Suspense and Foreshadowing in the Novel Frankenstein - Essay ExampleThe typical gothic plot tends to tally narrative development through digressions, interruptions, infolded tales, interpolated poems, etc. which move the narrative backwards as well as forwards and Frankenstein is no exception to this. The novels structure of framed and embedded narratives (for example, Walton narrative and that of the De Lacey family) act as diversions from the main(prenominal) narrative told by Frankenstein, a delay that serves to increase suspense and tension.Marry Shellys use of Foreshadowing in Frankenstein creates a literary taste in the novel. But I forget I am moralizing in the most interesting recess of my tale and your looks remind me to proceed (Baldick, 1997, pp. 45-59). Foreshadowing is an important part of Frankenstein. It is used to increase suspense because as a readers go through novel the prefigure is reveal them that something bad is about to take on and it is their job to go after the clues and try to guess what it is. Throughout the novel, as we observe that the three main narrators (Victor, the Monster, and Walter) use foreshadowing. Each of the narrators uses foreshadowing in a diverse and distinguishable way. Some of the narrators like sea captain are more obvious in their hints as to what is going to happen than others.If the Study to which you apply yourself had a tendency to weaken your affections , and to destroy your taste for those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, (Baldick, 1997, pp. 45-59). In this quote Victor is verbalise about how if something you are doing takes up all your free time and makes you neglect the other aspects of your life it certainly cannot be good. In this quote Victor is also foreshadowing the completion of his monster and the effect it bequeath have on his life. This is an example of the most blatant foreshadowing in the novel this book was written as if Victor was relating it out loud to William. As a result of this most of the foreshadowing victor does is extremely blatant because when a person is telling a story it is hard for them to keep from foreshadowing the ending through there body language, calibre, or the way they tell the story. Because Shelly could not convey t atomic number 53 or body language through written words she had to make the foreshadowing victor does oftentimes more blatant to keep the suspense of the story.One day, when I was oppressed by cold, I rear a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars, and was overcome with delight at the mania I experienced from it. In my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quick drew it out again with a cry of pain. How strange, I thought, that the same cause could produce such opposite effects (Literary Cavalcade, 2002, pp. 34-37). In this quote by the monster, shows the style in which he foreshadows in this story. This was one of the mons ters earliest experiences where he finds that some things can cause both pleasure and pain. This is

Transformational Leadership Addendum Assignment

Transformational Leadership Addendum - Assignment Exampledemocratic lead as a fully participatory form of leadership and a free reign as a situation where the subjects dictate what has to be done, and the leadership has no direction in this framework.The same study describes transformational leadership as the most recent form of leadership. The core characteristic of this style of leadership is to set off the group to produce revolutionary results (Edward and jean 2013). In this form of leadership, the leader identifies a need for change in an organization and creates a pathway towards attaining this change. In addition, the leader taps into the emotional aspect of the team to inspire them to achieve this change (Marshall & Marshall 2011). In Ciulla (2004), the idea of a transformational leader has been improved further by distinguishing this type of leadership from selfish and manipulative styles of leadership. In this study, the type of leadership is described as that which is compulsive by ideologies, is charismatic and confident.Regardless of the leadership style taken by the leader, a good leadership style is characterized by greater inspiration to the team hence greater achievement of the goals and objectives (Babatunde 2013). The individual, therefore, has to try to convey a framework that best suits the intention of the psyche in achieving the goals. It should be noted that each persons adoption of these frameworks will produce varied results depending on the effectiveness of the adoption. In this paper, I erect my personal leadership style and advance the discussion on the influence of an individual personal leadership plan on the communication within and without a team.At a personal level, one has to gird a strategy to deal with the leadership hurdles that one comes across in a team. To expire this strategy effectively depends on the type of leadership that an individual adopts in dealing with the members of the team. For instance in an aut ocratic type of leadership, the decision and

Documentary Realism in Films Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Documentary Realism in Films - Movie Review ExampleIn the treatment and analysis in this paper, three kinds of depictions are analyzed based on their social function-specifically, how each film represent a criticism of war and conflict at different periods in history. These films are Fahrenheit(postnominal) 9/11, Life is Beautiful, and The aeronaut, which are categorized as documentary, fiction, and non-fiction films, respectively. These films are analyzed and interpreted based on their ability to provide a critical look at the conflicts that occurred and which became the basis-primary or otherwise-for the development of the narrative in each.The analysis posits that the three films criticize war and conflict in various ways. Fahrenheit 9/11 criticizes the political instability caused by the offensive attack that US waged against Iraq, causing greater discord amid the Middle Eastern nations and US and its allies. Life is Beautiful reflected the absurdity of World War II, as milli ons of lives, particularly Jews, were unnecessarily lost as a result of the genocide imposed on them by Adolf Hitler of Germany. Lastly, The Aviator provides an in-depth look at the lives of the people in the context of Howard Hughes life and using the World War II as the socio-political background. In it, the film reflected the politico-economic machineries that motivated and supported World War II, uncovering also the governance that occurs behind the scenes, the politicking of businessmen and aircraft manufacturers in order to benefit best and profit the most from the war.Apart from these comparisons among the three films in terms of their depiction and critical interpretation of war and conflict, this paper also looks into the differences in the execution of the directors in depicting these interpretations into film. For Fahrenheit, Moores critical look at the 9/11 bombing and US invasion of Iraq is more(prenominal) explicit and direct, in the sense that real film clips were used to critically interpret the Bush administrations actions before, during, and subsequently the tragic event. Life provides a different execution as well, weaving its criticism into the story of Guidos family as Jews persecuted for their race and religion. However, unlike Moores Fahrenheit, Benignis film depicts a fictional scenario put into a real event in human history. Aviator, meanwhile, illustrates the life of Howard Hughes, depicting his life and achievements and chronicling the events relevant and significant to his development as an important genius in both the entertainment and automotive businesses, as well as politics. In understanding the contrasts among Fahrenheit, Life, and Aviator, it is rattling to understand first their crucial differences. Fahrenheit is a realist documentary, because it provides real images and accounts of events surrounding the 9/11 bombing, events that Moore had nonionized in a manner that provides support to his criticisms and arguments a gainst President Bush and the administration. As explicated by Bordwell and Thompson (1997), a documentary does convey truth in that it illustrates events as they actually occur, but it can also be render realistically when the director controls the editing of the images to be included in the film. A documentary is realistically envisioned even if these

The development of the American Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The development of the American Empire - Essay ExampleAs they sensed a power vacuum and a unique opportunity to influence the United States, the married couple was specifically interested in stymieing these efforts and ensuring that the conflict remained as one amid the states. More or less, these efforts were astray successful and they helped to encourage the further understanding the continent of North America, and the surrounding regions could be viewed as the reach of influence upon which the United States alone had the license to meddle. However, understanding the way in which the American concept of empire developed cannot be appropriately effected without a cursory discussion of the doctrine of pellucid Destiny. Manifest Destiny was the intrinsic belief that the Almighty had provided the United States with dominion over all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. This belief had a profound impact with regards to the way in which colonization of these lands took manoeuver and the means through which the native populations were mistreated and relocated. Just as Manifest Destiny and an interpretation of American sovereignty came to be formed during and before the Civil War era, as well as afterward, the play upon which the United States would eventually engage was all but assured. One of the most obvious interventions within this battleground of influence took place during the Spanish American War a time in which the United States sought-after(a) to further weaken the Spanish Empire and take territories in the Pacific as well as carve out further influence within the Caribbean.

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Anthropology - Essay ExampleThere was the learning of complex form of communication. People likewise formed government due to their centralized form of support (Ferraro & Andreatta, 2009). This paper seeks to present some of the biological and/or social consequences of humans switching from a hunter-gatherer modus vivendi to a land biographystyle.There were various consequences of human switching from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a farming lifestyle. Most of these consequences are social and biological. The most significant change was brought by sedentary life. This form of life encouraged high population growth. As a result, more provender was needed to satisfy the ever-increasing population. However, this lead to increased competition for food as human population rose above the available food. Additionally, the parapraxis from hunter-gatherer to farming led to diet change. This had a tremendous influence on the anatomy of human teeth and jaws. This is because initially hu man was adapted to hard food, but this shift led to adoption of simple food that required little effort to chew. In fact, the hunter-gatherer had longer, narrower jawbones. The size of jaw became shorter when farming was adopted because most of the foods were edged and processed (Larsen, 1995). Moreover, the rate of disease transmission increased as the hunter-gatherer adopted a more sedentary lifestyle. This was because of the unhealthy practices and living together with other domesticated animals (Larsen, 1995). Therefore, society became more susceptible to disease than it was before.Additionally, the change of life to a more sedentary life meant people could farm instead of hunting and gathering. This force people to settle down in a centralized place. Consequently, there was the development of settlement and collection living in the society. This was followed by development of more complex social institutions, and thus well-established forms of communication. There was also d ivision of work and this led to the development of government

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Christianity - Essay ExampleThe roots of the Christian faith are related to venerable Testament Judaism. As far as according to the Scriptures Jesus was circumcised and raised as a Jew, he hallowed the Torah and all the required holytide, and visited synagogue on the Sabbath (Saturday). The apostles and other early followers of Jesus were Jews as well. In just three and a half years after the crucifixion of Christ Christianity began to pass around among the nations.Christianity as a religion has three primary(prenominal) churches which are the most major stakeholders of the world religion. The divorce of Christian church, which took place in the period between sixties of IX century and fifties of XI century, led to the creation of two different churches Orthodox and Catholic. Another newer movement of Christian religion appeared in the middle of XVI century in Europe and was called Protestantism. The three churches have the same faith direction, although real crucial nuances th eir doctrines are based on are different. Christianity in general is based on the sometime(a) Testament, dating back to Abraham the tradition of the religion honors one God (monotheism) who is considered to be the creator of the universe and mankind. However, the main brunches of Christianity also accept the idea of monotheism Trinity which means the three incarnations of God who are united by their divine nature they are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit (Daggers 962).Orthodox Church is the eastern branch of Christianity, which is mostly widespread within Easter Europe and less in Australia and Canada. The keister of the Orthodox doctrine is constituted by the holy Bible and the Holy Tradition which is the materials of the ecumenical councils, the books of the Church Fathers, and liturgical practice. The roots of the doctrine come from the recognition of the triune God, the creator and ruler of the universe, the underworld, the

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab report - Essay ExampleApart from primary atomic number 13 obtained from bauxite, secondary ammonia aluminium and aluminium compounds are obtained through recycling. Recycling aluminum prevents depletion of aluminum ore reserves. Compared with primary work, production of secondary aluminum requires a lower amount of energy. (Davis, 1993)One compound that can be obtained by chemical treatment of used aluminum is potash alum. Potash alum or common alum ( green aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) is a double salt. The Al3+ ions in alum act as flocculating agent during irrigate treatment and purification and also as a blood congealer in medicine. (Atkins & de Paula, 2006)To investigate a assertable method for recycling used aluminum cans, potash alum was prepared from a piece of aluminum can. Feasibility of the recycling process was studied by calculating the percentage yield.Collecting and weighing aluminum. The aluminum beverage can was washed. A 58 cm piece of a luminum was down from the can. rouge from the outer surface of the can and plastic from the inner surface of the can were scraped off. The aluminum piece was cut into small squares. The aluminum squares were weighed and 0.996 g of aluminum was placed in a 250 mL beaker.Addition of potassium hydroxide. To the aluminum in the beaker, 50 mL of 1.4 M potassium hydroxide was added. The reaction mixture of aluminum and KOH was heated on a hot plate in the hood. Heating was stopped when the mixture glum grey.Vacuum filtering. Vacuum filtration apparatus was set up. The hot resultant role was vacuum filtered. The beaker used was rinsed with distilled water (5 mL) and this solution was also vacuum filtered. The filtrate obtained was cooled in an ice-water bath for a few minutes.Addition of sulfuric stinging and crystallization of alum. To the cooled filtrate, 20 mL of 9.0 M sulfuric

Homesite Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homesite Report - Research Paper representativee oceans the destruction they leave in their wake is devastating as was witnessed during the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 where 230000 people lost their lives and property worth billions of dollars lost and the Japanese tsunami that led to the destruction of nuclear business office plants leading to loss of lives and severe environmental degradation (Nanto 15)Additionally, combat-ready volcanoes pose a major menace to those who live near them, since the possibility of property being buried under volcanic ash is unceasingly real. Wildfires are a major threat since once they start, they are difficult to contain and they have a great deal led to major losses as witnessed in the Greek forest fires in 2009 (Amiridis et al. 6)The other infixed disaster that is likely to affect residents adversely is drought, which reduces the value of property and increases the cost of living. To make the right decisiveness about where to settle, one has to look at the likelihood of any of these happening.Having considered all these factors, three cities were found to be the most suitable.The 2012 United Nations world risk report listed Qatar as the safest country from natural disasters, out of 173 countries ecumenic (ADW 4)capital of Qatar is the capital city of Qatar, which is in the Middle East. The country is located in a geologic setting, which makes it less susceptible to earthquakes. Its tectonically gentle and the country, being one of the biggest oil and gas producers in the world, has the pecuniary muscle which it has used to install six earthquake sensors that further reduces the possibility of residents being caught unawares (USGS)organism in the desert and receiving very little rain throughout the year, the risk of flooding and landslides in Doha is virtually nonexistent. Due to its geologic setting, the country is also not susceptible to tsunamis. The vegetation in Qatar is preferably sparse thus making it rather d ifficult to sustain wildfires. The country does not have active volcanoes, thus

Language and Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Language and Communication - Research Paper ExampleThis study discusses the issues related to communication and wrangle in organizations proposing a few possible solutions which seem practical to the researcher. The communication member involving sending messages, transmission, reply and feedback from the receiver has become a complex wreak in todays world. The communication process though apparently is studied and developed continuously with specialists devising new methods and procedures to make the entire process efficient and reliable. Modern day organizations also require reliable and efficient methods of communication to maintain productiveness and effectiveness of the organization. The organizations of all kinds depend on effective communication for productive and efficient results whether they are businesses, NGOs, governments or some(prenominal) other organization functioning to attain a specific goal. The communication process in the organizations has to be continuousl y checked and maintained if the management desires to keep up with the volatile world. There is untold literature published related to the communication process, languages, communication at the work place and barriers to communication. The objective of any language is to communicate. Communication is a multifaceted practice that is all about conveying messages. In the newfangled world, the word communication is used in wider aspect such as a companys communication with the targeted audience. The core objection of any language is to deliver a message and it further leads to educating people.

AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND CYBER SECURITY Thesis

AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND CYBER SECURITY - Thesis slipNessus, on the other hand, is used in more than 75,000 organizations around the globe and it is considered to be one of the dry lands to the highest degree popular vulnerability s quarterner (Ferguson, n.d.). However, the third version, i.e. version 3, has now been converted to a proprietary license as the scanning engine is still free and updates are also acquirable after a week on a release.When Nessus is incorporated in a large enterprise, most probably, a government organization such as Department of Defense (DOD) net incomes, it will initiate a port scan and target the defined host or a entanglement. After opening the port, it examines all in all the function that are running on the system or network and tests all the detected services against vulnerabilities defined in the Nessus vulnerability database (Kim, n.d.). As this tool can develop a testing curriculum for network resilience, the report generation i s very comprehensive that is ideal for large enterprises. As it is an easy unconnected based vulnerability analysis tool, it can be best suited for large enterprises that are geographically dispersed in more than one continent (Kim, n.d.). Moreover, in an ideal scenario where corporate networks for large organizations inhibit many client/server architectures, Nessus will detect the clients and the server automatically when connected to the specific network at a specific location (Kim, n.d.). Network security professionals of a large enterprise can customize plugins, as per their requirements, as the tool has its own scripting language for defining methods to test and identify network for vulnerabilities (Kim, n.d.). The tool will penetrate within the corporate network and start scanning anonymous archive Transfer Protocol (FTP) and for the client/server architecture, secure socket Layer (SSL) will provide an additional form of security for report results. However, for false posi tive detection, a validity check is required on the reports from

Back in Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Back in Shakespe are EssayBack in Shakespeares old age courtly love life was a fashionable tradition. What happened was the men forcefulness saw the women as Goddesses but their love was more often unrequited. But the men would send them love garner in the form of sonnets in order to win the womans love, however it usually failed leaving the man intuitive feeling melancholic. This is the position Romeo found himself in as he was in love with a girl called Rosaline.Montague and Benvolio wag a change in Romeos behaviour referable to this and Montague explains how he shuts up his windows and locks fair daylight let forbidden this shows that Romeo attempts to isolate himself from the outside world and really is depressed. As Romeo enters the facial expression the auditory modality can see for themselves his recount of melodic theme during his conversation with Benvolio. His replies to Benvolios comments are short and subdued and he explains, sad hours seem long. We can hunt out from this that Romeo is not having a good time so our kindliness wins him over and we hope for his pot to change.As we move onto scene 2, we meet capital of France, who is a man hoping to marry Juliet and is trying to convince Capulet to leave behind him to, however Capulet seems to think Juliet is too young for marriage as She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. The affirmable marriage between Paris and Juliet is exciting for the audience yet it is an obstacle between the forthcoming descent between Romeo and Juliet.The scene then cuts back to Romeo and his problems with courtly love. Benvolio who is aware of Romeos problem tries to be a utilitarian friend by giving him advice. His advice is one fire burns out an other(a)s burning, this is a metaphorical mode of putting you should rule someone else and for conk about Rosaline. Then as Cl knowledge from the Capulet family is struggling to charter a let outy invitation he asks Romeo and Benvolio to read th e list out for him. Romeo notices that Rosalies name is on this list and the reduplicate therefore decide to find a air of going to the masqued ball to give Romeo a opening night of fore filling his dream of meeting Rosaline. The fact its a masqued ball means they can get in whilst in disguise and probably get away with it and this jetght enters Benvolios head.In scene 3 we meet the Nurse. A nurse is the Elizabethan equivalent to a child minder, however in these days they were hired out commonly by wealthy upper class families and were pretty much part of the family, they would raise the children and even breast feed them when they are babies. This particular Nurse raised Juliet and the deuce of them are in truth close. She is a bubbly part who often tells sexual jokes or sexual innuendos and tells Juliet stories about when she was younger usually embarrassing her. From seeing the play myself I remember the nurse being an entertaining character and was an audience favourite w hich was most noticeable by the applause she got at the end. Her sexual humour is shown where she says, dost molarity fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit, wilt thou not, Jule?This is a crude joke of falling onto her back for sex and most fourteen year olds would find an adult talking to them alike this terribly embarrassing yet the audience find it comical and entertaining. before long after Juliet discovers Pariss desire to marry her and to the nurses delight Juliet replies It is an honour that I dream not of. Again the audience are excited by what is now a probable marriage yet it also questions the possibility of Romeo and Juliet getting together.Whilst on their way to the Capulet masqued ball Romeo predicts the future when saying for my mind misgreaves some consequence, yet dangling in the stars, similarly to what it says in the prologue Romeo is saying he fears an unfortunate accident. The audience therefore semi-expect this to ironically happ en. This is meant to piddle tension especially when he says about an untimely death, which along with the prologue suggests young death.Scene 5 is restrict in the Capulet household as it is the location of their masqued ball. A masqued ball was a fashionable party to live in Elizabethan times where everyone went disguised in a mask. It was the equivalent to what a fancy jog party is today and this is why the Montagues were able to get in with little suspicion from the Capulets. Partys are constantly a popularity and so Shakespeare made this scene a key one in the play for the amusement of the audience.From what the audience have seen so far, Romeo is a melodramatic isolated character. He has won over our sympathy and as he is one of the main characters we all want to see things turn around for him. The causal agency Shakespeare presents him as a melancholic lover is to emphasise the artificial nature of his love for Rosaline in parity to the genuine emotion he feels for Juli et. We witness the two types of love juxtaposed and recognise that his love for Juliet is positive, kinetic and less of a pose. But by presenting him in love with someone else initially, it creates romantic suspense for the audience. When Romeo starting sees Juliet, it is described as love at early sight, this really helps to emphasise how he feels about her. From the audiences topographic point of view, Romeo appears to be shocked by how much Juliet stands out by the way he says O she doth ascertain torches to burn bright, the reason he says O at the start of his bringing is purely to emphasise his emotion.The tongue as a whole is a type of light imagery and explains how her beauty stands out so much to Romeo. He then goes on to say she hangs upon the cheek of night / As a prolific jewel in an Ethiops ear, this is a metaphorical way of saying that she is beautiful, precious and rare to him as is strike too rich for use. These are both examples of wealth imagery. The majorit y of his speech in this part of the scene is imagery and metaphorical to help stress his feelings for Juliet, he also claims she Shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. This is in the category of bird and colour imagery and helps to stand out the point that she really does stand out from the crowd. As explained by courtly love, it was a common thing for men to respect women like they are goddesses, and Romeo uses this kind of holy imagery when he says touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Overall the speech shows strong romantic interest due to how Romeo is so intense, passionate and genuine.This is one of the most loving split of the story however it is disrupt as the fiery character of Tybalt notices that a Montague is present. He clearly shows his irritation by referring Romeo as a slave, which is saying that Romeo is like his inferior. As Capulet enters the scene Tybalt threatens to strike him dead, however, Capulet bears in mind what the Prince said, in that any more fig hting would mean their lives would pay the forfeit and as he wants no violence at the party, he aggressively prevents Tybalt from making any wrong moves.The hatred is then interrupted by the love of Romeo and Juliet as they meet and talk for the first time. Their conversation is set out in the style of a sonnet as of course these were popular in the Elizabethan and Medieval times. It is very poetic, passionate and filled with religious imagery. The language is intense, memorable and uses rhyming couplets at the end of every other line to help it to sound better and stand out. Juliet is very responsive to Romeos requests and appears to want Romeo to kiss her, which was a rarity in the courtly love tradition.Romeo flirtatiously refers to Juliet as a Pilgrim this shows how he respects her like a Goddess and this is the start of a large amount of religious imagery. In addition to that, Juliet answers back with her own religious metaphors like And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss this a lso contains some alliteration due to the repetitive use of words containing palm. The speech overall is a pattern of Romeo flirting to Juliet and Juliet flirting back, this keeps the tend of the conversation going and on a couple of occasions we witness a kiss.All this comes to a sudden end as the Nurse enters the scene and they discover each others identity. The nurse calls Juliet to go to her fuss and when she is gone explains to Romeo Her mother is the lady of the house and of course Romeo realises this is the Capulet house. Benvolio calls Romeo away from the scene explaining The sport is at the surmount which informs that he knows the best part of the night is over and their identity has been discovered. This means that the Montagues have to make a swift exit effectively making Romeo and Juliets moment short with a sudden end. This leaves the nurse and Juliet solely together. Juliet finds out from the Nurse that Romeo is in fact a Montague and is clearly devastated by this w hen she says My grave is like to be my wedding bed and My only love sprung from my only hate.All the way throughout this scene Shakespeare juxtaposes love and hate. The first sight of love is at Romeos first glimpse of Juliet and the whole love at first sight event, this is interrupted by Tybalt noticing Romeo and wanting to cause a violent act but he is stopped by Capulet. This allows Romeo and Juliet to have their first speech in the form of the love sonnet although when the two realise each others identity, the hate between the two families takes over leaving the audience wondering if the power of their love is strong enough to overcome the hate.In conclusion to the opening act of the play Shakespeare creates numerous untied ends to the story. This makes the audience want to carry on watching to get an answer to their questions questions such as will Tybalt fore fill his threat towards Romeo? Are Romeo and Juliet going to die and if so how? Will Paris marry Juliet? And will ther e be any more fighting? The only possible way for the audience to find an answer to these questions is to carry on watching the play. This was Shakespeares objective for the opening act and he has therefore successfully completed it.

Societal Impacts on Natural Disasters Essay Example for Free

Societal Impacts on Natural Disasters EssayNatural adventures argon a devastating, but undeniably inevitable grammatical constituent of life and society. Because of this fact, many of us tend to believe that they pass along as an act of spirit, purely out of the human control. We deprivation to bulge out realizing that this is far from the truth and it this bearing that is stopping us from learning from our mistakes. The contemporary world inaccurately labels various disasters as cancel when in fact, when looked at much closely there is an enormous correlation between nature and society. at that place argon many flaws in the human preparation for natural disasters that have equated in demolition and crack where it could have been minimized. Although the occurrence of a disaster can happen at any condemnation, it is vital that we start recognizing that there is much that we can do reduce the effects that they have on us as well as taking ownership to the fact that ther e have been many changes that we have make to the environment in the past and present to aggravate natural disasters and allow them to impact on us with much more severity accordingly they would of otherwise.A natural disaster can be delineate as a phenomenon that results in material and/or environmental loss where the touch on community would non be able to restore themselves without external support (The Australian Government Department of Transport and regional Services, 2002). The 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami that affected japan and the Indian Ocean earthquake affecting Southern Asia are both primary examples of natural disasters. Although these two events were completely unrelated to each-other, the scotch and environmental impact that they had on their effected regions were very much similar. These included widespread death and injuries, building and infrastructure losses, major(ip) economical downfall and socio-economic loss.The Tohoku earthquake and tsunami stru ck the coast of Japan at 1446 local time on 11th of March, 2011. It was a magnitude 9.0 on the Richter weighing machine (Shibahara, 2011), do it one of the most healthy earthquakes the world has ever seen. It lasted a sum up of 8 minutes and the violent earthquake later triggered a tsunami, which travelled up to 10 kilometres inland into the Sendai area (Norio, 2011). The short-term effects of the earthquake and tsunami included death and injuries, destruction of property andinfrastructure including roads and all forms of transport systems, financial and economic downfall imputable to rebuilding, clean-up projects, and the falling of stocks.The event occurred where the pacific plates dip underneath the plate beneath northern Honshu. This is k at a timen as convergent boundaries where one tectonic plate moves under the other, sinking into the Earths mantle as the plates meet. Where more traditional earthquakes are caused by friction of two plates moving in opposite directions, in this instant The Pacific Plate moved underneath Honshus plate, releasing large amounts of energy (N.A, 2005). The get together caused the ocean floor to rise by several metres. This underwater megathrust earthquake is the most disused and unhealthful type, hence producing the massive Richter scale reading.The tsunami that followed the earthquake was triggered by the destructive waves up of to 77 feet and engulfed the coast of Japan minutes after the quake. Some of the more forefingerful waves travelled up to 6 miles inland, causing impairment that almost match that of the earthquake, even though limited to the coastal region. In addition to these events, the disasters also caused major disruption to the nearby nuclear power plants that put Japan in a the midst of a humanitarian crisis unseen in the history of modern Japan (Duan, 2012).Japan often experiences natural disasters ascribable to their geological placement and hence have developed earthquake and disaster unconsciou s processs that are one of the most advanced in the world (Sheth Sanyai Jaiswai Gandhi, 2008). However, the series of disasters were simply too high in magnitude for Japan to be prepared for. The earthquake was above what they had predicted and the tsunami had not been factored in. Despite the unprecedented scale of the earthquake alone, many buildings infrastructures remained standing, proving Japans verbalism laws, resilience and earthquake applied science. This shows that if the earthquake was the altogether disaster that Japan had to deal with, they would have been able to cope with it far more successfully and the tsunami was the understanding for the countrys failure (Zare Afrouz, 2012).They were left in a situation where they were facing several difficulties The lotion of a response, the solicitude of a large number of residentsthat had been displaced by the disaster, and lack of experience in the management of medical resources for displaced populations. In additio n to this, the people of Tohoku were only notified of the event one minute before the occurrance, divergence residents in a state of shock and unpreparedness (Norio, 2011).However, despite the devastating elements that the Japanese people were exposed to, they unperturbed managed to remain somewhat calm and dealt with the situation at hand with discipline. The public had confidence in officials that were part of relief teams and lined up in a civilized manner for food and drink, as debate to demonstrating chaotic behavior, which would be very common in similar situations, especially in rural or developing countries. This would be a prime example of successfully educating the public on crisis behavior, especially in regions that are prone to disaster.The 2004 Tsunami, or otherwise known as the 2004 Indiana Ocean tsunami and earthquake is considered as the 6th unwarrantedliest earthquake/tsunami and the 2nd most destructive earthquake in the world (Wang Liu, 2008). During the qua kes strongest point, it lasted a total of 8-10 minutes and caused a lasting rise in the global sea level of 0.1mm. Its destructive power also resulted in the inactive volcano situated in Indonesia to become active once again.The disaster affected a total of 15 countries, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Malaysia, South Africa, Madagascar and Kenya with Indonesia suffering the most damage. The disaster measured 9.0 on the Richter scale, the same reading as the Tohoku event, this reading was measured in Sumatra, Indonesia and buildings were shaking in Bangkok as well as Singapore which were both more than 600 miles away.Similar to the Tokohu earthquake, the cause of the Indiana Ocean earthquake/ tsunami was also repayable to the sliding of tectonic plates, in this case the India plate underneath the Burma plate. Even though the process has been on-going for many years, it was the 26th of December 2004 when the process resulted in a rupture more then 1000 kilo meters long and shifting the ground above the rupture by approximately 10 meters horizontally and a number of meters vertically. This event caused the entire planet to shake and witnessthe largest magnitude earthquake in 40 years.Primary effects of the tsunami include major loss of life 227000 people confirmed dead and 1.8 million people missing. More than 80000 houses were damaged or had been destroyed as well as overall severe damage to all infrastructure, roads, bridges and all utilities Secondary effects included the spread of illness due to contaminated water and the tropical climate (Wang Liu,2008). Another was major economic downfall due to the loss of coastal fishing industries as well as loss of tourism opportunity due to damage to areas such as Thailand. Emotional and psychological effects on those affected was also a significant factor, as well as the huge number of orphans that were left due to surviving the casualty and their parents not being so lucky.The affected countries were entirely unprepared for the disaster (Athukorala, 2012). However, The Pacific Tsunami Monitoring summation (PTMC) in Honolulu, Hawaii sent a message stating there was a possibility of a tsunami affecting countries in the Indian Ocean 65 minutes prior to the event. Unfortunately, this message was not passed onto the countries in the affected region, as the PTMC officials did not have required contacts in their address book.Furthermore, are a very rare incidence in the Indian Ocean and historically tsunami-related calamities had been of minor importance compared to other natural disasters (Abbott, 2011, Ch. 3 Albala-Bertrand 1993, Ch. 2, From Athukorala, 2012 ). It was also reported that in many coastal towns and tourists resorts in Sri Lanka, Aceh, India and Thailand, many people watched the prior retire of the coastline with curiosity or took the opportunity to collect stranded fish and thus easily succumbed to the waves (Athukorala, 2012). There is now research th at shows a close correlation between the magnitude of the damage caused by the tsunami and the regions unpreparedness and lack of coastal resource management. Evidence shows that the shocking death toll could have been significantly bought down if the region had had more effective natural defenses such as coral forests and mangrove swamps, all of which had been destroyed for urban construction such as ocean facing hotelsand villas. By doing so, involved parties have not only disordered coastal conservation legislation, but now live with the most serious consequence, loss of life.There is state that the amount of human lives lost was partly a result of modern progress, ruthless destruction of natural defenses such as coral forests and mangrove swamps, and building oceanfront hotels and villas in violation of coastal conservation legislation. For instance, in the areas skirt Aceh, where the coastal ecosystem remained in good condition the tsunamis effects were far less severe. Also , the island of Simeuleu in Indonesia experienced a relatively death toll, partially due to the healthy condition of the surrounding mangrove forests. Furthermore, in Sri Lanka the damage was much more brutal as there had been violation of regulation prohibiting archeological site coral reefs and damaging coastal mangrove forests, which act as a shield against the destruction of the sea (Athukorala, 2012).Both these events should act as a alarm for leaders all over the world, to revise their methods and procedure for disaster detection and response procedures. It could be an alarm for us to be more thorough and cagy about the earthquake hazard as the prepared and industrialized Japan with the most modernized technology confronted many extensive troubles, which were out of their predictions. We need to analyse the two events and see the connection between nature and society and understand that the two are interlinked.Although the occurrence of a natural disaster is out of our contr ol, we are able to make a difference in the brutality of its effects by the choices we make to our surrounding environment, as proven by the regions that were fortunate to shield themselves from the wrath of the tsunami with their mangrove swamps and natural defense systems. Although the economic state of any region is a important factor in a range of decisions, officials need to also consider the environment as a major factor in their decision making when it comes to urban development as without it, we have nothing.

Financial Distress Paper Essay Example for Free

Financial inconvenience Paper EssayThe current global economic crisis has seriously abnormal the financial activities of my academic institution. One of the major presenters for our business school, a bank, has pulled out and is currently facing charges of geological fault federal banking regulatory laws. All indications be that the bank will go under and will waste to file for protection under chapter 11. With this conduit of funds no longer there, the business school will switch to restructure.There be five programs currently in place at the business school, three of which are involved in teaching and research. They have been in existence for the last thirty years. As the channelize of faculty for the business school, I will recommend to the long range planning committee that the restructuring be directed at the other two programs. These are recently introduced graduate management courses, whose students, totaling fifty in number, can be gradually absorbed within the other graduate business courses.The cuts will and so have to be effected within the faculty staff of the two programs being phased out. All kick upstairs and non-tenured faculty staff will receive a wiz year termination nonice with abundant severance benefits. Since their total combined yearly compensations is about as much as lost donor funding, the scaled down business school will be able to survive until other avenues are found to fund new programs. These recommendations will be made based on the need to defend teaching and research as a priority.Students who are currently enrolled in all programs will not suffer as they will be retained to continue learning within the existing programs. Additionally, the suppression will not be abrupt, but will be implemented over the course of one year, giving affected faculty staff ample time to appeal or seek positions elsewhere. Distress Paper 2 References Senate of Michigan Technological University (1985, May). UNIVERSITY RETRENCHMEN T POLICY. Retrieved August 1, 2009 from http//www. sas. it. mtu. edu/usenate/propose/80-89/7-85. htm

Special Needs Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

Special Needs Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder EssayPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder. PTSD is a serious condition that privy develop when a somebody has experienced or witnessed a traumatic or terrifying event in which serious tangible harm occurred or was threatened. Usually the body is able to recover to normal levels of hormones and chemicals the body releases due to the stress. merely with a person with PTSD the body keeps releasing the stress hormones and chemicals. An example of PTSD could be a soldier whose been to war. For a person with PTSD, the anxiety and over whelming thoughts of the event can continue and even annex over time. There are third types of PTSD symptoms Reliving the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity, Avoidance, and Hyper arousal. Treatment for PTSD involves blather therapy (counseling), medicines, or both. The feelings felt by PTSD patients become so strong that many aspects of the individuals l ife can be affected. Performing a simple task, like brushing their teeth can become overwhelming (A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia, 2013).Research conducted by periodontists from the University at Buffalo School of Dental medicament shows that patients with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), showed significant erosion of tooth surfaces. A group of 40 PTSD patients who had been diagnosed with nose candy percent disability, were taken from the VA Medical Center and compared to a group of patients that did not have the disorder. The patients with PTSD had significantly more tooth plaque and gingivitis. Doctors suspect that this could be caused because of their illness, the patients are unable to carry out good spontaneous hygiene compared to the non-PTSD patients.Also the PTSD patients were found to suffer from bruxism and clenching which can be related to extra quotidian stress they feel. Participants received an oral examination and evaluation of tooth wear. Results showed significantly increased wear of tooth surfaces in collar dimensions near the gum line, vertical, horizontal and depth in those with PTSD. PTSD patients showed vertical erosion was more than three quantify great, horizontal was more than four times greater and depth was more than 10 times greater than the patients not having PTSD (Baker, 2001).Extra considerations need to be taken for dental patients being seen with PTSD. As dental hygienists special treatment planning may be needed due to the greater dental and behavioral challenges the PTSD patients may present with. Special attention must be remunerative to health history questions and getting as much background information of the patients initiating factors, diagnostic criteria, and medical centering of the PTSD, so the dental team can better understand and manage the patient.Also, it is extremely chief(prenominal) to embarrass further loss of tooth structure and surfaces. Together the dentist and hygienist need to work together to rehabilitate the discredited areas. Different recommendations can be made to patient to help with dental issues such as a night guard to help with bruxism and a frequent recall for dental cleanings to help battle the problems caused by poor oral hygiene. As with all patients encouragement and being understanding of patients needs is very important (Wright, 2004).

19th Century America Essay Example for Free

19th cytosine America EssaySocial Studies EssayThroughout the 19th century, America was a rapidly maturement country. It was full of new inventions, new ideas, economic and social development, and new ways of thinking. But, most of these came from the north. The normality and the conspiracy had many disagreements and many similarities.The North and southern had many differences. One difference is that Souths frugality relied on slaves more than the North. Almost all the Northern states immediately or gradually abolished slavery afterward the Revolutionary War. Another economic difference is that the Souths thriftiness was based on cash crops. Cash crops include rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton. The South had many plantations to support its farming economy. The North had many weeny farms as well as larger towns and cities. The North relied more on factory work. In the North, railroads and canals connected the states, allowing for greater economic development. The South s social development was also very much different from the Norths. For slip, in the South, the wealthy plantation owners and the slave owners were at the top. They supported their plantations with slavery. In the North, the upper class was make up of mostly city people who owned factories. Many of the factory workers were European immigrants. One example of a similarity is the class structure. They two had a very small upper class, a small middle class, and a large lower class. Another example is that the white men had all the power, and slaves and women didnt have equal rights with the white men. In terms of economic similarities, farming was an important part of the economy in both the North and the South.These two regions obviously had many differences. In many ways, this strengthened the nation. The Norths factories processed the Souths crops, which tied the nation together. Also, having male dominance and having women and African Americans with no equal rights kept the nation together.But, these differences also created conflicts, which threatened the nation. The North wanted to abolish slavery for good, notwithstanding the South needed slavery for crops, such as cotton. Because of this conflict, the Civil War would start later on. Overall, both regions differences threatened the nation.When the cotton gin was invented, this caused further conflict. It gave the South more reasons to keep slavery. Another conflict was the difference in wealth between the North and the South. The North had a more developed economy with canals, railroads, and factories. The South continued to rely on agriculture as its main component of the economy, requiring them to import manufactured goods.In conclusion, the North and the South were, overall, very different, but with some similarities. These differences strengthened the nation in a hardly a(prenominal) ways and threatened the nation in many ways. The differences in social and economic structure conduct to the Civil W ar.

Appreciation of The Tyger Essay Example for Free

Appreciation of The Tyger EssaySubject matterBlake is this meter gives a description of the tiger, describing vividly its appearance, its structure, its beauty and its terror. As tumefy as describing the tiger, the poet also tries to explain how he pictures the creation of the tiger, as well as the terror of the creator (who required such a forethoughtsome and awesome cock).PurposeThe poets purpose in this metrical composition is to describe something that fascinates him. The tiger in his view is a powerful, yet beautiful creature, a creature so powerful that it is terrifying. However, the poet also attempts to comprehend its creator, idol. He shows that if the creation is powerful and terrifying, and asks the question how powerful must be the creator? The poet clearly expresses that he is very afraid of the power of theology, and what beau ideal is able to do. through kayoed the rime the poet expresses his admiration, his wonder and his fear, this rime is as some( prenominal) a study of the tiger as a study of God.EmotionThough the rime is mostly descriptive, the poet gives the reader some clues of the emotions that he nips. On the verbalism of this poem, it seems to be a poem about a nature. However, looking further into the poem unity butt joint see that the poem is a very religious poem. One of the most dominant emotion that one can feel when reading the poem is the wonder and awe. Whether it is at the tiger or at God, Blake shows much wonder as shown in the extract in verse 1And what shoulder what art,Could twist thy nubble?Blake describes the colours of the tigers fur as keen, as though the fur of the tiger was a exonerate itself. This fire is carried on into verse two where Blake describes that there is a fire burning in the eyes of the tiger.. In key 3 and 4 of verse 1 Blake turns his forethought to the creatorWhat immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry.His wonders about what the hands and eyes of God are like . Blake sees the tiger as a creation of a outstanding inventor, a work of art. The most important parts of a craftsman are his eyes and his hands. They are a craftsmans most important tools, allowing him to craft the public figure he has in his imagination. This idea could mother been influenced by Blakes work as a engraver.The new(prenominal) dominant emotion in the poem is the fear shown by Blake. His is very afraid of the tiger. Yet his is nevertheless more afraid of God the creator of such an awesome beast. This is a sometimes a boast of Christians to be God-fearing people. This fear can be seen in the following extractsWhat dread hand? what dread feet?In what furnace was thy brain? withstand its deadly terrors claspThe extracts above show how much Blake fears the tiger. He is afraid of the tigers claws, and the image in Blakes estimation is a beast acquired from the furnace of heaven and deviseed out by a master craftsman. This dreaded brutal inspires much fear in Blake, even though he admires its beautyWhat immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry.Blake tries to imagine the power required to create the tiger. He tries to picture what human race could create the tiger. The picture of this powerful and yet very skilful craftsman is very daunting to Blake. What soulfulness would dare take this fearsome beast out of the furnaces, hammer it into an elegant yet very unattackable shape. What person could twist the shape of the sinews of the tigers heart and create a burning fur coat and burning eyes? The image of this creation is very frightful to Blake, let alone the God, the person who hammered, twisted, and shaped this beast. It should also be noted the could was replaced with dare. This shows that first Blake only thought about the ability, skill, power and strength needed to create the tiger. Later on at the end of the poem, Blake is thinking about the nerve and the daring required to create the tiger.CraftsmanshipStructureThe poem has a very regular structure, it is divided into six stanzas, each with quaternity lines. The first stanza is repeated in the support stanza but could in line four is replaced with dare. Each line is approximately the same length in words and syllables. Each stanza is used to address one catch about God or the tiger.The poem seems also to be structured in the thought dish up of the poet. First he looks at the tiger itself, describing its prominent features. The poem then tries to picture the creation act of the tiger, and the workshop of this grand craftsman. The poet then tries to move on to this creator or craftsman himself. He wonders whether God was content with this creation, and wonders about the more heavenly creature the stars and the angels.LanguageThe language used in the poem is very vocative. Throughout the poem the poet seems to be talking to the tiger. He seems to be enquiring about the origins of the tigerWhat the hammer? What the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?He is asking the tiger as though the tiger is a friend of the poet (the use of thou and thee). The poet seems to the reader as a thinker trying to find out the answer to a very difficult question. The poet is asking questions that can not be answered for very microscopical is known about God.The language is also very physical contact, very vivid and effective. The language catch the readers attention and is imaginative. It is very appropriate to the poem itself, the language increases the fear and adds effect to the wonder. The words does deliver the message that the poet intends. a good deal of the language helps to strike the fear into the minds of the readers. When reading this poem, one can not help but feel a sense of awe to the tiger and God.ImageryIn the poem there are no striking examples of similes and metaphors, but the poet does use a large amount of personification. He personifies God as a craftsman or a blacksmithAnd what shoulder what art,Could twist the sinews of thy heart?The poet seems to apply his own life experiences to his image of God. He sees God as this craftsman working by a furnace like himself. He sees the cloth the God uses to create as metallic. In the process of creation, God works like a blacksmith, passion the metal until the critical point is reached, the metal is then taken out and hammered into shape. This process repeats until the thoroughgoing(a) shape is reached. Once the work is finished, God must be pleased and proud of his creations like other artists.The poet also personifies the tiger, addressing the tiger as if the tiger was able to understand him. He asks the tiger questions as though the tiger was able to answer him and explain to him what the poet does not understand. The poet also personifies the starsWhen the stars threw down their spears ,And watered the heavens with their separateThe poet sees the stars as the angels of heaven, throwing down their weapons and crying at such a wonderful creati on.The poet wins the reader see God as a human with tow typefaces, power and the strength represented by the tiger, while the lovely caring side represented by the lamb. This in many ways is the symbolism used passim the poem by the poet.MovementThere is not real rhythm or movement to the poem itself. There are no real rhythmic qualities in the poem. However, when read out loud, the poem should be read out slowly, and loudly. This adds to the effect of the poem, it gives one more time to process the carefully chose words. It would make the poem more effective and allow the listener to truly appreciate the poem.SoundsThe most significant sound feature of the poem is its rhyming scheme. Each stanza rhymes in the form of AABB, with the exception of the last line of the first and last stanza of the poem. The poet uses neither onomatopoeia nor alliteration nor assonance.In fact the poem uses very little sound features. I do however think that onomatopoeia could have been used to help the reader to imagine the sounds of this great workshop that Blake pictures in his mind. It would help the reader reach a better level of understanding. It would have also made the poem more affective.The poem is very strong with the visual part of the imagery, however, without the sounds, the perception of the poets idea is incomplete. For example, if the poet included the bangs, clangs of the workshop, or even included the growls and the roars of the tiger. This would have increased ones sense of wonder and awe.Other sound features such as alliteration and assonance, I feel, would not have been as effective and would not have helped the understanding of the poets imagination. thicksetThe poem has had a very strong impact on me. The poem has made me aware that the world is made up of fierceness and strength (shown in the tiger) as well as gentleness and pink of my John (as shown in the lamb). Blakes tiger is a very terrifying and dynamic creation, which apart from being seen to r epresent the fiercer side of God, could also be seen to represent the forces of evil lurking in our world. This evil seems to be able to hide in the cover of the darkness of the night, and haunts our minds through our dreams and especially our nightmares. Blakes lamb (Did he who made the lamb also make thee?) apart from being a symbol of Gods gentle and loving side, can also be seen as a symbol of all the good in the world the caring, the love and the kindness shown in deliveryman Christ himself.The poem, as I have already noted, is a very visual poem. Though it is read, the poem inspires us to try and picture what he sees. The words of the poem create very vivid, clear and striking images in the reader or listeners minds. We see dynamic beast with awesome features, a skilful and great craftsman working laboriously in his great workshop. Inside the workshop burns a great furnace with huge and very hot fire. The craftsman hammers and twists the shape of the creation, and when finall y he has completed this marvellous work, he is proud and smiles. The angels around this creator all weep and throw down their weapons at the sight of this marvel.The only error that I have noted is the lack of use of sound features. This poem, as I have already mentioned, would more complete if the reader can hear the sounds of the workshop and hear the weeps of the angels or even the deafening roars of the tiger as it first leaps out of the furnace as a complete creation. This does not flaw the poem in a significant way, but I feel that it would improve the poem and make the poem more effective Blake made use of sound features.

Enron Scandal Essay Example for Free

Enron Scandal Essay1. Enron was valued at $2.3 billion when it was formed in July 1985. On August 23, 2000, its old-hat was at $90 per share and it had a market capitalization of $65.9 billion. Explain the major business practices that created such dynamic growth in the damage of the stock.Enron used many different tactics to inflate their stock prices. The one that sticks out to me is when they signed a 20-year contract with Blockbuster. Early in the contract Blockbuster and Enron parted ways with a null and cancel contract. However, Enron still kept the contract on the books as future earnings when they knew that money was never difference to come in. They did this so their stocks prices would stay inflated.Another practice is that they switched from an agent pattern to a merchant model when recognizing revenue. Doing this gave them a 65% increase when typical industry standards only gain between 2-3%. Once they switched to this accountancy method other companies started to follow their lead in order to stay competitive with Enron.In addition, Enron minimise its liability and overstated its equity. They would do this by creating special purpose entities. These entities were created to show investors the downside of risk.I believe the important reason the stock increased so much is due to corruption of Arthur Andersen, an independent audit firm. On Wikipedias website there was a statement from Enrons Power Committee and it appears they were placing blame on the Andersen firm. They were quoted as saying, evidence available to us suggests that Andersen did not fulfill its professional responsibilities in connection with its audits of Enrons financial statements, or its obligation to bring to the attention of Enrons Board (or the Audit and Compliance Committee) concerns about Enrons internal contracts over the related-party proceeding (Enron Scandal). After reading about the scandal it seems as if Arthur Andersen was being pressured by Enrons exec utive director management to ignore all their flawed accounting principles.Overall there were several business practices that caused Enrons stock prices to increase and most of it was due to a flawed and failed accounting system. 2. Why did Enron go get around?Enron went bankrupt because they were artificially inflating their stock price. They had an audit company that did not report a fair feel of their findings. The public started to back away and chose not to invest due to their lack of confidence in the company. In 2001, the SEC started investigating the organization and they had to restructure their losses. Another loss took place when Enrons credence order was downgraded by Moodys and Fitch. I believe they ultimately went bankrupt due to their lack of unity and honesty, especially when it came to their accounting methods. a. What role did corporate governance (broad of directors and top managements leadership and responsibilities) keep in Enrons demise?Top management pla yed an enormous roll in the impinge on of Enron. Management was always looking for loop holes to hide debt and keep their stock prices high. They also influenced their audit firm, Arthur Andersen, by paying them high consulting fees. By doing this they were essentially paying Andersen to look the other way. b. What was the responsibility of the independent exterior auditors, Arthur Andersen Co.?Andersen should have come in and reported their findings in a fair and ethical way. Since Andersen went along with Enron in hiding debt it ultimately dissolved the Andersen business.c. What was the responsibility of stock broker analysts, rating agencies, and the SEC?The responsibility of the stock broker analysts was to evaluate the financial statements of Enron. They were also required to give the general public a testimonial in regards to stock options. Rating agencies were acting as a credit bureau. They determined if Enron had good credit or not. They also were required to let the pu blic know if the company was paying its debt, as wellspring as other financial obligations. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website, their responsibility wasto protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and effective markets, and facilitate capital formation (The Investors Advocate). They came under scrutiny because of their failure to prevent Enrons fragment and ignoring red flags in Enron dealing by failing to review annual reports.ReferencesEnron Scandal. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (n.d.). Web. 03 Feb. 2014. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandalSpecial_purpose_entitiesThe Investors Advocate. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n.d.) Web. 03 Feb. 2014. http//www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtm l

Penitentiary Ideal Essay Example for Free

punitory I locoweed EssayTo the Roman Catholic Church the punitory was a tribunal of mercy, responsible for issues relating to the favor of sins. (dictionary, Webster)To the average person it was a array to house prison hou shapers who committed horrible crimes. Although its main purposes were twain layman and spiritual, it was suppose to be a place of humane punishment rather than that of physical. (Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. promulgated by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)The penitentiary was suppose to be a healthy and clean place unlike most jails and prisons. Prisoners were to be kept from each other preferably in isolation as to not contaminate one another with their bodily fluids as with their unholy spirits and thoughts. It was suppose to memorise inmates their social purpose, to work doing productive labor and practice corrective discipline as oppose to seance around not doing whateverthing. (Corrections The Fundament als, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)As a secular institution the penitentiary was meeting the religious need for the sinners to express their sins. It allowed for the sinner or prisoner to adjudge his crimes or wrong doings as a kind of confession and promise to do better. The lead goal was for the prisoners or sinners to find or achieve their spiritual transformation.( Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)There were two principal models of the penitentiary, the Eastern State and the Auburn. John Havilland designed the prison we know as the Eastern State penitentiary. This prison featured seven long corridors that resembled whatlooked like spokes on a bicycle. It was flat and had thirty-foot walls that surrounded it. The cells were ten feet long and eight feet in width and the ceilings were ab verboten xv foot in height. Each cell had a toilet, a table and a bed along with a private patio the same size of the cell. The prisoners were aloud to go outside onto their patios at any period because they were enclosed and attached plainly to their cells.( Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)Prisoners in the Eastern State penitentiary were kept in isolation. They were aloud outside twice per day for only thirty minutes and led outside with hoods over their heads, as they were not aloud to see one another. Eastern State in its time was considered the ideal prison or penitentiary. The prisoners were kept on close watch by the guards so close that they wore socks on their shoes so the prisoners could not encounter them approaching their cells. (Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)Just thirty miles of New York urban center in 1817, Auburn penitentiary opened its doors. Thi s penitentiary was made of small cells about seven feet in length and about three and a half feet in width with a height of only about seven feet, stacked on top of one another. There was no courtyard so the prisoners never went outside. The prisoners were divided into three groups only for the guards to have better control of them. This penitentiary used only(a) toil as punishment. They soon learned after using this method that some prisoners took their own lives, died, or were crazy and delusional upon leaving solitary confinement. (Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.)In my opinion Eastern State penitentiary was the model prison. Although the prisoners were held under solitary confinement all of the time they were let outside and had their own patios which they could go out on anytime they chose. It was better controlled and quieter I would imagine. Auburn penitentiary was led more as a congregate p rison, which means that theprisoners were allowed to interact with one another.( Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.) I believe that when punished and put in solitatry confinement that is why most of them died or killed themselves because they were use to being with others and were never aloud outside.If I had to choose which prison to go to it would definitely be Eastern State only because things seemed more organized, you did not have to deal with other prisoners and the troubles that came with them and you got to go outside and have your own patio. I believe that if prisons today used the slip of the Eastern State penitentiary there would not be as many fights and riots that broke out in the prisons and people would have time to think about what they did and not be influenced by the culpable minds of others.References-Corrections The Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyrig ht 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Iraq War and Osama bin Laden Essay Example for Free

Iraq War and Osama bin squiffy EssayThe joined States of America has failed in its dismisseavors with Iraq. Looking at the current situation in Iraq, there were so little, or no improvement at all ever since America waged a fight on terrorism, pointing the finger to Iraq. When it was planned to train Iraki soldiers so that they could defend themselves, leaving them to the hard work in their declare backyard, one thing has been overlooked. Training a small population of Iraqis to defend or fight for their welfare is not the solution, hence it could further lead to something worse. It is that adding fuel to the fire, igniting the civil war Iraq is experiencing in its backyard (Bereuter, 2004). It will only if increase the horrifying truth of the Iraq war, and its negative effects on the valet de chambre oddment, starvation, poverty, and hatred of its own hoidenishmen. It likewise has its toll on economy, pestering twain Americans and Iraqis. There are non-homogeneou s variables to consider when you talk about this war. These are the dependent and independent variables. The first variable that is a produce of the wars failure was the increasing end toll.It is a rather dependent variable on the war because it is directly affected by the war itself. The military death toll withstand greatly increased, wasting the precious lives of the soldiers willing to do any of the Presidents bidding. Non-Iraqi workers and contractors death toll has too doubled, bringing fear in the hearts of those who wish to work in there. The insurgencies and Iraqi resistance has indeed risen in a great number of times since the war has started. Death is the biggest price that both sides will pay in this Iraqi war. Roughly a lot of Iraqis cede died defending their country or fleeing it.U. S. -trained Iraqi police and National Guards were unable to protect the community, to provide safety for everyone, as it was promised by the unite States government. On the other h and, not only were the United States losing the war in Iraq, they are also losing precious lives of the soldiers conflict for a lost cause. More than a thousand American soldiers and their families have suffered the consequences of the Iraq war. If death wasnt enough, it also caused a tragic change in the economy of both countries. Both countries have increasing number of bodies world piled on the ground.Another dependent variable is insurgency. It is a consequence of the United States campaign on Iraq. Many people decided to take arms and fight US kind of of helping peace to prosper. Insurgency has grown stronger than ever, as it can be seen on the number of deaths and losings from both ends. As the U. S. continues to stay in the Iraqi backyard, the more these Iraqi insurgents would muckle up and overture people, the more the problem will continue for Iraq and the US, just like an incurable headache. The Pentagon points out that in November 2003, there were only about 5,000 Ir aqi insurgents.But as of September 2004, the number of these people have short-winded out 400% 20,000. And considering that the number of dead Iraqi resistance fighters were around 24,000, the grim fact is that it is plane larger in reality (Lieberman, 2005). An independent variable of the United States war against Iraq was the impact on economy. It is a rather independent factor that you consider because it is not connected to the so called campaign against terror. But whether people like it or not, war has affected the economic situation of the country and the whole world. Not only was this war wasting precious lives, it is also wasting hard-earned money.About 151 billion U. S. dollars went down the drain as the cost of this war continually increases. The money which came from Americas taxpayers pockets are surprisingly creation wasted on bullets, guns and ammunitions, vehicles, and more, considering that these things are being wasted, and have no real benefit as of late. des tination the war the price for Osamas head The United States, along with the United Nations and the European Union have resorted to a lot of efforts in order to solve this problem. This includes empowering a few chosen Iraqis to defend themselves and be able to start a new government.This effort has been considered futile since Iraq as a country is being plagued with internal conflicts civil wars between various ethnic groups. So if you empower any of these groups, there is a tendency that they would just go against each other, so instead of solving the problem, you are giving them other blow in the head. Another effort which they had resorted to was hunting down the famous terrorist leader, Osama bin Laden (Kirkpatrick, 2004). As the Al Qaedas leader, he is considered to be one of the most influential heads of the Iraqi resistance.They forecast that killing him would mean victory in the Iraq war. They see that his presence his very existence, is considered to be an encouragemen t for the Iraqi people to take arms and fight the invaders in their lands. Using the terrorist attacks in the country as an recitation of what this man can do, the United States government has waged an all out operative to search for bin Laden. The forces literally bombarded the possible hiding places for Osama bin Laden, but still returning empty handed. Rumors about his death came out, but the lack of evidence has left the people doubting.What the United States overlooked was not Osama bin Laden is not the problem, so putting him out of the scene was definitely not the solution. Osama bin Laden was only a part, just a fraction of what the US government is up against with. He may be an influential leader, but still, there are other factors that they have to consider if they really want to end this war against Iraq. Iraq is in the middle of a very turbulent civil war different groups in the country are fighting among themselves for survival, since each of them claims that they can t live with any of the other groups.It is a communal war, wherein they are slugging it out with other groups Sunnis fighting against Shiites, Kurds against Sunnis, and Shiites against Kurds (Diamond, 2006). In these groups there are other minorities fighting on multiple front, thus making the war complex. Osama bin Laden as a terrorist trope doesnt necessarily prove much of an importance, since between these Iraqis lies greater conflicts. These conflicts could lead to mass slaughter, thus creating chaos in the global level.

What is Public health and Community health Essay Example for Free

What is world health and Community health EssayPublic Health is an aspect of Health Services concerned with threats to the health of the population of a community ground on population health analysis. It generally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of fit behaviors (health promotion) among members of the community. Both vaccination programs and free distribution of condoms are Public Health measures. Public Health promotes not simply the absence of disease but mental, physical and emotional well-being (Public Health).Community Health is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and the bumpment of the health characteristics of a piddlen community. While the term community bathroom be defined, community health tends to involve everyone spurting together (Public Health). What is type of structure and function at each level of government? The type of structure of each level of government and their functions tend to convergency in re gard to how the dilemma of teenage pregnancy is handled.Although on a national level, in 2006, in more than 10 years, for the first time, teenage pregnancy increased to 3% from 2005 to 2006. At a soil level, in 2005, Texas had the highest number of teenage births accounting for 62 births per 1000 women, in addition to New Mexico, Mississippi, Arkansas, and azimuth possessing the same number of teenage pregnancies. New Hampshire was the state with the lowest teenage births, 18 births per 1000 women, in addition to Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey possessing the same number of teenage pregnancies (Hamilton, 2009).From a local level, it is like move to figure out, which came first, the chicken or the egg? Some causes of negative outcomes for teenage pregnancy are educational failure, poverty, unemployment, and low esteem could result from early child bearing before the female is ready. In 2006, a study conducted, has released that adolescents watching sexuality on television and in the media, are more likely to gather in sex out of curiosity. How are the levels of government working together?Each level of government software documentation promising approaches such as abstinence education, family planning, Adolescent family life program, which was enacted in 1981 as an approach to save teenage pregnancy, community collaborations and youth development programs for boys and young men. whole the levels of government share the same precedent goals and directives for young people. Although teenage pregnancies have decreased, it is not apparent in all regions, due to increased incidence of teenage pregnancy seen in some areas.The message is the clear ways need to be provided to sponsor with decreasing the incidence of teenage pregnancy. Questions have been identified regarding if a 50% decrease in the 1998 levels pass on be met by the 2010 target date. As a way of reminding the students that abstinence is the best way to disallow pregnancy and diseases, some schools are offering the abstinence only education. Virginity pledges have become quite normal in this day for some young people, making a point. Conclusion Some health departments give out condoms to young women along with advice on ow to use the contraceptive.Laws against child marriage have been put into place, all the same people are still marrying young people barely able to make good choices for themselves. All parents should take action by making sure that branches of government and health and education services work together, including helping them work effectively, get better support for teenage mother, including ways to obtain better education, better childcare, in addition to providing a way for them to obtain housing. Advising, counseling, and providing support can make a rest in their young lives.

Effect of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Brain Functions

Effect of puerile ganja Use on encephalon Functions hemp Use During Adolescence A Review of Impacts on Brain Functions and Associated OutcomesRecent years stand seen a dramatic change magnitude in the social acceptability of hemp us age in the United States, with several(prenominal) states having already legalized recreational delectation of the substance and several more projected to do so in spite of appearance the next several years (Leyton, 2016). Concurrently, there has been an increase in the amount of teenages who report using hangmans rope, with young data indicating that 39% of high school seniors report using hangmans halter within the past year and 6-7% reporting daily or near daily hempen necktie custom (Johnston & OMalley, 2015). Despite increase utilization of hempen necktie products for pain management and other ailments (Hwang & Clarke, 2016), some in the scientific community give expressed concern about the potential ramifications of recreational leg alization of ganja. Chief amongst these concerns is the idea that teenagers will assimilate very easy access to increasingly potent halter and synthetic cannabis products (Sobesky & Gorgens, 2016), as a great deal of research has contendd that the drug ab apply of cannabis lodges several risk of infections specific to individuals in the adolescent age range (see Levine, Clemenza, Rynn, & Lieberman, 2017). This paper will summarize the research examining the stir of cannabis phthisis on the growth adolescent witticism and potential associated outcomes, peculiarly in the atomic number 18as of cognition/executive function, anxiety and depression, psychotic disorders, and ahead of time substance substance ab affair/dependence. The Adolescent Brain To understand the impact of cannabis accustom on the developing adolescent brain, it is first necessary to understand the changes taking place in the brain during this instructional compass point. non surprisingly, the close of adolescence is a cadence of tremendous change in the circuitry of the brain. According to Arain et al. (2013), there is a world-shaking amount of neuronal plasticity in the brain during adolescence, meaning the wiring of the brain is extremely universal to learning and implement. Such plasticity, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, lends itself to difficulty thinking rationally and critically, often preeminent to the impulsive decision-making that is characteristic of the adolescent years. In addition, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, the schema responsible for regulation human responses to separate out, similarly undergoes substantial discipline during the transaction of adolescence. Within this system, the amount and duration of adrenocorticotropic horm adept (ACTH) and glucocorticoids released in response to stress increase significantly as comp bed to other life periods (Romeo, 2013). Shortly in the top out puberty, a surge ofsynapto in gredientsis and neuronal growth occurs in which grey matter in the brain thickenssubstantially. From this focalisethroughout the period of adolescence, the brain is continually rewired throughdendritic pruning and change magnitude myelination of synapses, particularly in theprefrontal cortex (Arain et al., 2013 Lubman, Bonomo, & Yucel, 2007). In addition, white matter increases are seenin the corpus callosum (Arain et al., 2013).Taken together, these changes increase the efficiency of communicationwithin the brain, allowing for the eventual schooling of more thickeningcognitive functioning, including improved longing acquire got, operationalthinking, and working memory (Hart, 2007 Lubman et al., 2007). In addition to the constant rewiring of braincircuitry that occurs during adolescence, the levels of three neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and melatonin change during the adolescent period(Arain et al., 2013). According to Dahl(2003), dopamine and serotonin levels decr ease during adolescence, resulting in mad dysregulation, mood disruptions, and difficulties with beatcontrol. Melatonin levels, on the otherhand, increase, which in turn increases the amount of sleep that adolescentsneed to be fully re-charged. accustomed the massive changes that are occurring inthe brain during the period of adolescence, it is a time in which the brain is in particular susceptible to the employ of substances, (Lubman et al., 2007) includingcannabis. marijuana Action in the BrainBefore discourseing the specific impacts ofcannabis do on the adolescent brain, it is important to understand howcannabis acts in the brain in constituentral.First, the brain has an endogenous cannabinoid system (endocannabinoidsystem) made up of the ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG)and cannabinoid sensory receptors known as CB1 and CB2 receptors (Moreira & Lutz,2008). CB1 receptors are locatedthroughout the brain, only are particularly populous in the front r egion of thecerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, theanterior cingulate cortex, and the genus Hippocampus CB2 receptors are generally comprise throughout the bodys immune system (Hill et al., 2010 Iversen,2004). The endocannabinoid system manoeuvresa role in a number of processes, including the regulation of the HPA axisstress response (Hill et al., 2010 Lee & Gorzalka, 2015), spookyplasticity, and learning and memory (Lu et al., 2008). According to Iversen (2004), thepsychoactive component in cannabis is 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC, as well as increasingly popularsynthetic cannabinoids, act as agonists on CB1 cannabinoid receptors in thebrain. Because CB1 receptors aregenerally presynaptic sort of than postsynaptic, cannabinoids control therelease of certain neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, L-glutamate,-amino neverthelessyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), dopamine, and5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The use ofexogenous c annabinoids, much(prenominal) as marijuana or synthetic marijuana products,leads to an unnaturally long-lasting activation of CB1 receptors, ultimatelyinhibiting the release of the aforesaid(prenominal) neurotransmitters in selectedareas of the brain (Iversen, 2004). Inaddition to its impact on CB1 receptors and associated neurotransmitters, THC in like mannerappears to trigger the touchwood of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral teg psychicalarea of the brain and the nucleus accumbens areas of the brain that areheavily implicated in the brains reward circuit associated with drug use. This effect is also seen with heroin,cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine, suggesting that THC may also act on theopioid receptor system within the brain (Iversen, 2004).Impact on Cognition and executive director Function TasksThe literature has focuse on severallarger areas of impact regarding cannabis use during adolescence, one of thesebeing the potential impacts on cognition and tasks of execu tive function. As precedingly mentioned, the brain undergoesa significant amount of change in the adolescent years, including the frequentre-wiring of neural connections through neural pruning processes, particularlyin the prefrontal cortex. According toFilbey, McQueeny, DeWitt, and Mishra (2015), cannabis use during adolescencedisrupts this normal pruning process through its flection ofneurotransmitters and inhibition of microglial processes. This results in abnormal connectivity withinthe brain, including a decrease in white matter raft and integrity (Gruber,Dahlgren, Sagar, Gonenc, & Lukas, 2014 Jacobus et al., 2009). Such changesresult in a number of cognitive impacts, including change magnitude impulsivity,poorer reaction times, and increase errors on executive function tasks (e.g.,planning, organization, self-regulation, etc.) (Becker, Wagner,Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, Spuentrup, & Daumann, 2010 Gruber et al., 2014). Indeed, studies have indicated thatindividuals who begin mariju ana use in early adolescence are at an increasedrisk for developing deficits in attention (Ehrenreich et al., 1999) and visualprocessing (Tapert, Granholm, Leedy, & Brown, 2002), and exhibit areduced full scale IQ and verbal IQ in swelledhood (Meier et al., 2012). Memory also appears to be abnormal by adolescent-onset cannabis use (Tait, Mackinnon, & Christensen, 2011), likely via its impact on the genus Hippocampus a part of the brain heavily implicated in memory functions. Animal research has shown that the hippocampus is affected by cannabis use peculiarly during the period of adolescence. In rats, adolescent picture show to cannabis force the microstructure of the hippocampus as well as abnormalities in the way that proteins are expressed in the hippocampus (Quinn et al., 2008). Specifically, it appears that exogenous cannabinoids bind to CB1 receptors and inhibit the release of glutamate, thus contributing to deficits in short-term memory (Hart, 2007) and disallowly impa cting performance on memory-related tasks (see Levine et al., 2017). Some animal studies indicate that lower levels of cannabis use (those most thoughtful of the actual amount that adolescents use) are not predictive of long-lasting hippocampal changes. However, because current cannabis products are go along to increase in potency (Levine et al., 2017), hippocampal changes and subsequent memory problems are topics of concern, especially with regard to adolescent users of cannabis. working(a) memory also appears to be impactedby cannabis use, particularly in individuals that began using cannabis beforethe age of 16. Becker et al. (2010)used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine performance on a workingmemory task in individuals who began using cannabis before age sixteen(early-onset) as compared to individuals who began using cannabis after the ageof sixteen (after-onset). Results ofthis domain indicated that early-onset cannabis users exhibited increasedcortical acti vity in the parietal lobe as compared to later-onset cannabisusers. The researchers concluded thatthis increased cortical activity indicated change magnitude cortical efficiency inresponse to challenging working memory-related tasks in early-onset, but notlater-onset, cannabis users (Becker et al., 2010). Such findings are consistent with a number ofstudies indicating that an earlier age of onset of cannabis use is associatedwith greater risk of negative impacts on cognitive functioning during due date(Ehrenreich et al., 1999 Fontes et al., 2011 Meier et al., 2012 Pope et al.,2003). Impact on the Development of Anxiety and DepressionSeveral studies indicate a connection amidst adolescent-onset cannabis use and the development of both anxiety anddepressive disorders (e.g., Brook, Rosen, & Brook, 2001 Degenhardt et al.,2013 Fairman, 2015 Hayatbakhshet al., 2007 Patton et al., 2002 van Laar, van Dorsselaer, Monshouwer, & de Graaf, 2007).Though past researchers have speculated about t he directivity of this blood, studies have consistently indicated that adolescent-onsetdepression is not predictive of later cannabis use (e.g., Degenhardt, mansion house,& Lynskey, 2003 Moore et al., 2007 Womack, Shaw, Weaver, & Forbes,2016), negating the idea that depressive and/or anxiety notes lead toengagement in cannabis use as a method of symptom relief. Instead, such findings promote the idea that cannabisuse during adolescence, in combination with other potential risk factors,increase the risk for the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms inadulthood (Levine et al., 2017). As withthe cognitive changes discussed in the previous section of this paper, it isearly-onset use of cannabis that appears to be riskiest with regard to thedevelopment of future anxiety and depressive symptoms (Hayatbakhsh et al.,2007 Patton et al., 2002). In an arouse study by Spechler et al.(2015), fMRIs were used to examine activity in the amygdalas of adolescent usersof cannabis. The res earchers showedparticipants images of both angry and nonsubjective faces, a well-known test ofamygdala activity and a well-regarded index of emotional processing. Results of this study indicated that comparedto the control group, adolescent cannabis users exhibited increased amygdalaactivity in response to the images of angry faces whereas the control groupshowed the same amount of amygdala activity when shown images of neutralfaces. Spechler et al. (2015) concludedthat adolescent cannabis use is associated with increased hypersensitivity tonegative affect. However, in this case,the directionality of the relationship is unclear it is attainable that thesensitivity of the amygdala pre-dated the cannabis use and the cannabis use wasengaged in due to its anxiolytic effect.Conversely, it is possible that cannabis use lead to increasedsensitivity in the amygdala. Either way,it appears that adolescent cannabis users are overly sensitive to negativeaffect and the potential threat that accompanies it, which may explain theincreased incidence of depressive and anxious symptomatology in thispopulation. in that respect are several potentialneurobiological mechanisms explaining the relationship between adolescentcannabis use and the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms. One possibility is the impact of exogenouscannabinoids on the HPA axis system. Theendocannabinoid system regulates the responsivity of the HPA axis, which, asantecedently mentioned, undergoes significant development during the adolescentyears (Hill et al., 2010 Lee & Gorzalka, 2015 Romeo, 2013). Studies with both human and rodent subjectshave indicated that the use of exogenous cannabinoids during adolescence hasthe capacity to alter HPA axis stress responses, thus impacting emotionalityand the development of anxiety-related symptoms (Lee & Gorzalka, 2015).Lovelace et al. (2015) discuss another(prenominal)neurobiological mechanism that may underlie the relationship between adolescentcannabis use and the development of anxiety and depression. In a rodent study, these researchers examinedmaladaptations in the prefrontal cortex due to cannabis use by looking atpresynaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses in adolescent rats. The results indicated that exposure toexogenous cannabinoids during adolescence direct to over-activation of CB1receptors, which led to permanent changes in synapses in the prefrontalcortex. Overall, mice exposed toexogenous cannabinoids during adolescence showed a loss of presynapticplasticity, which impacts the brains ability to adapt to changing environmentsand thus may contribute to an increased vulnerability of psychiatry duringadulthood (Lovelace et al., 2015). In an interesting rodent study conductedby Rubino et al. (2008), researchers found that exposure to THC duringadolescence was associated with decreased density and function of CB1 receptorsin the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala. These areas of the brai n are implicated inemotional processing and reward and are thus implicated in the development ofdepressive symptomatology. The behaviorof the rats in this study also mirrored depressive symptomatology. Specifically, rats exposed to THC duringadolescence exhibited both behavioral despair (which the researchers definedas time the rats were immobile) and anhedonia (as measured through decreasedconsumption of sucrose). Taken together,it appears that several neurobiological mechanisms are at play in theconnection between adolescent cannabis use and the development of anxiety anddepressive symptoms. Impact on the Development of Psychotic DisordersA substantial body of literature has indicated a connection between the use of cannabis during adolescence and the later development of psychotic disorders (e.g., van Os et al., 2002 Henquet et al., 2005 Stefanis et al., 2004). This is especially true for individuals who are already genetically predisposed to develop psychotic disorders (Henquet et al., 2005) though the connection has also been found in individuals that do not have this genetic predisposition (van Os et al., 2002). As with the impact on cognition and on anxiety/depressive symptoms, it appears that early-onset cannabis use (Arseneault et al., 2002 Moore et al., 2007) as well as heavier (i.e. daily or near-daily) use pose the greatest risk for the later development of a psychotic disorder (Moore et al., 2007 van Os et al., 2002).Rubino and Parolaro (2014) discuss the possible neurobiological mechanisms behind the connection between adolescent cannabis use and the development of psychotic disorders. In general, it appears that the use of exogenous cannabinoids during adolescence disrupts the maturational processes occurring in the brain during this time, especially in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex two areas of the brain that are implicated in the psychotic disorder schizophrenic disorder, in particular. The endocannabinoid system itself undergoes a significant amount of change during the adolescent years thus, exogenous cannabinoid exposure during this time period has the potential to alter the semipermanent functionality of CB1 receptors, which then impacts the activity of several neurotransmitters implicated in psychotic symptomatology, especially dopamine (Rubino & Parolaro, 2014). Additionally, being exposed to cannabis during the adolescent period has been shown to disrupt prepulse inhibition (the ability to accurately perceive and process stimuli) and down-regulate GABAergic activity in the prefrontal cortex both symptoms commonly seen in individuals with schizophrenic disorder (Morales-Muoz et al., 2014 Zamberletti et al., 2014). As previously mentioned, individuals who have a genetically predisposed vulnerability to develop psychotic disorders are at an especially high risk to do so if they engage in cannabis use during adolescence (Henquet et al., 2005). For example, individuals who have a specific variant of the g ene for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which breaks down dopamine the neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia are at a much higher risk for developing the disorder if they used cannabis during adolescence as compared to individuals who do not have that specific variant of the gene for COMT (Caspi et al., 2005). Another gene that influences the relationship between adolescent cannabis use and psychosis is the ATK1 gene, which affects dopamine breakdown in the striatum. According to DiForti et al. (2012), cannabis users with a certain variant of the ATK1 gene were seven times more likely to develop psychosis as compared to individuals with this gene variant who did not use cannabis. Clearly, in individuals that already possess these specific genetic variants, cannabis use during adolescence can be the trigger that leads to the expression of these genes and the development of psychotic symptoms and/or disorders. In addition, adults with psychotic disorders who used cannabi s during adolescence are at a greater risk for relapse of psychotic symptoms, poorer adherence to treatment, and increased rates of hospitalization related to their diagnosis (Hunt, Bergen, & Bashir, 2002 Lewis, Tarrier, & Drake, 2005 Wade et al., 2006). Impact on the Future Development of meat Use DisordersSeveral studies have indicated a link between adolescent cannabis use and the later development of a substance use disorder. Again, this relationship is especially strong for individuals that engage in cannabis use in early adolescence and who engage in heavy (i.e., daily or near-daily) use (Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2006 Hall & Lynskey, 2005 Stuart & Green, 2008). Past researchers have speculated upon various explanations for this trend, including the so-called gateway hypothesis. In general, the gateway hypothesis assumes that individuals who use harder drugs such as heroin and cocaine almost always started their use of substances with using cannabis, and that this link is explicitly causal (Van Gundy & Rebellon, 2010). This hypothesis is based on research findings indicating that the use of cannabis during adolescence often predates the use of other outlaw(a) substances, including heroin, methamphetamines, and cocaine (Fergusson et al., 2006). Though the causality of this link has been repeatedly questioned in the literature (e.g., Morral, McCaffrey, & Paddock, 2002 Van Gundy & Rebellon, 2010), many researchers have attempted to explain the mechanisms behind the early use of cannabis and the later use of other substances and/or development of a substance use disorder. There are countless potential psychosocial explanations for this connection (e.g., mate pressure, propensity toward risk-taking behaviors, availability of substances, etc.) however, for the purposes of this paper, the potential neurobiological mechanisms behind the connection will be discussed.The major possible neurobiological mechanism behind the connection between early cannabis use and the later development of a substance use disorder has to do with the effect of cannabis on the brains opioidergic system. A great deal of animal research has indicated that the endocannabinoid system and the opioidergic system are intricately linked. For example, Pickel, Chan, Kash, Rodriguez, and Mackie (2004) and Rodriguez, Mackie, and Pickel (2001) found that CB1 receptors and opioid receptors are found on the same neurons in both the striatum and the ventral tegmental area, and Cossu et al. (2001) and Ledent et al. (1999) found that animals without CB1 receptor genes do not self-administer opioids. Drawing upon this clear connection betweenthe endocannabinoid and opioidergic brain systems, Ellgren, Spano, and Hurd(2007) investigated the hypothesis that cannabis exposure during adolescencechanges opioid-related neural functions and leads to increased likelihood of lateropioid use. Findings of this researchconfirmed that rats exposed to THC during the adolescent periodself-a dministered greater amounts of heroin compared to the control group. Moreover, findings indicated that ratsexposed to THC in adolescence showed a persistent disturbance in the activityof enkephalin, which is the endogenous opioid neuropeptide associated withreward behaviors and hedonic states. Findingsalso indicated that THC exposure led to changes in the functions of opioidreceptors such that heroin use was more reinforcing (via dopamine release) forrats exposed to THC during adolescence as compared to the control group. Taken together, these results indicate thatcannabis use during adolescence leads to a greater vulnerability to the reinforcing do of opioids during adulthood, potentially leading to a greater risk fordependence and likelihood of relapse of substance use disorders. ConclusionDespite the increasing popularity of cannabis use, both for medicinal and recreational purposes (Hwang & Clarke, 2016 Leyton, 2016), it is important to consider the resulting increased availabi lity of cannabis to individuals during the sensitive period of adolescence. Given the profound changes occurring in the brain during adolescence (Arain et al., 2013 Dahl, 2003 Hart, 2007 Lubman et al., 2007), teenagers are particularly susceptible to the influence of substances, which may lead to lasting changes in the brains functioning. Such changes are associated with poor outcomes in several areas, including deficits in performance on executive function tasks (Becker et al., 2010 Ehrenreich et al., 1999 Fontes et al., 2011 Gruber et al., 2014 Meier et al., 2012 Pope et al., 2003 Tapert et al., 2002), an increased risk for the development of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms (Brook et al., 2001 Degenhardt et al., 2013 Fairman, 2015 Hayatbakhsh et al., 2007 Patton et al., 2002 van Laar, van Dorsselaer, Monshouwer, & de Graaf, 2007), an increased risk for the development of a psychotic disorder (Arseneault et al., 2002 Caspi et al., 2005 DiForti et al., 2012 Henquet et al., 2005 M oore et al., 2007 Rubino & Parolaro, 2014 Stefanis et al., 2004 van Os et al., 2002), and an increased risk for future substance use/dependence (Fergusson et al., 2006 Hall & Lynskey, 2005 Stuart & Green, 2008). Such considerations may have important implications for policy development related to the legalization of cannabis. ReferencesArain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mathur, P., Nel, W.,Rais, A., Sandu, R., & Sharma, S. (2013). Maturation of the adolescentbrain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 13. Retrieved from http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?universal resource locator=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1364721614?accountid=11620Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A., &Moffitt, T. E. (2002). Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adultpsychosis longitudinal prospective study.Bmj,325(7374),1212-1213. Retrieved from https//scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C15&q=Cannabis+use+in+adolescence+and+risk+for+adult+psychos is%3A+longitudinal+prospective+study&btnG=Becker,B., Wagner, D., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Spuentrup, E., & Daumann, J.(2010). The impact of early-onset cannabis use on functional brain correlatesof working memory.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology &biological Psychiatry,34(6), 837-845. insidehttp//dx.inside.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.032Brook,J. S., Rosen, Z., & Brook, D. W. (2001). The effect of early marijuana useon later anxiety and depressive symptoms.NYS Psychologist,13(1),35-40. Retrieved from http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login? uniform resource locator=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/619826104?accountid=11620Caspi,A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Taylor,A., Arseneault, L., Williams, B., Braithwaite, A., Poulton, R., & Craig, I.W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adultpsychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferasegene Longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction.BiologicalPsychiatry,57(10), 1117-1127.insidehttp//dx.inside.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.026Cossu,G., Ledent, C., Fattore, L., Imperato, A., Bhme, G. A., Parmentier, M., &Fratta, W. (2001). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice fail toself-administer morphine but not other drugs of debauch.Behaviouralbrain research,118(1), 61-65.Dahl, R. (2003). Beyond barbaric hormones The tinderboxin the teenage brain. In Cerebrum The Dana forum on brain science, 5(3), 7-22. Retrieved from http//www.ccoso.org/sites/default/files/import/beyond-raging-hormones.pdfDegenhardt,L., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Swift, W., Carlin, J. B., Hall, W. D., &Patton, G. C. (2013). The persistence of the standoff between adolescentcannabis use and common mental disorders into young adulthood.Addiction,108(1),124-133.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04015.xDegenhardt,L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003). Exploring the affiliation betwe encannabis use and depression.Addiction,98(11), 1493-1504.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.xDiForti, M., Iyegbe, C., Sallis, H., Kolliakou, A., Falcone, M. A., Paparelli,A., Sirianni, M., La Cascia, C., Stilo, S. A., Marques, T. R., Handley, R.,Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., David, A. S., Morgan, C., Powell, J.,& Murray, R. M. (2012). Confirmation that the AKT1 (rs2494732) genotypeinfluences the risk of psychosis in cannabis users.BiologicalPsychiatry,72(10), 811-816. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.020Ehrenreich, H., Rinn, T., Kunert, H.J., Moeller, M. R., Poser, W., Schilling, L., Gigerenzer, G., & Hoehe, M.R. (1999). Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start ofcannabis use.Psychopharmacology,142(3), 295-301.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050892Ellgren,M., Spano, S. M., & Hurd, Y. L. (2007). Adolescent cannabis exposure altersopiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology,32(3),607-15. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301127Fairman,B. J. (2015).Contributions to the epidemiology and mental healthconsequences of cannabis smoking(Order No. AAI3619011). Availablefrom PsycINFO. (1664224820 2015-99040-239). Retrieved from http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1664224820?accountid=11620Fergusson,D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Cannabis use and other illicit drug use Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis.Addiction,101(4),556-569. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.xFilbey, F. M., McQueeny,T., DeWitt, S. J., & Mishra, V. (2015). Preliminary findings demonstratinglatent effects of early adolescent marijuana use onset on corticalarchitecture. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 16-22.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.001Fontes,M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira,R. R., Bres san, R. A., & Lacerda, A. L. T. (2011). Cannabis use before age15 and subsequent executive functioning.The British ledger ofPsychiatry,198(6), 442-447. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479Gruber, S. A., Dahlgren,M. K., Sagar, K. A., Gnen, A., & Lukas, S. E. (2014). Worth the waitEffects of age of onset of marijuana use on white matter and impulsivity.Psychopharmacology, 231(8), 1455-1465.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1007/s00213-013-3326-zHall, W.D., & Lynskey, M. (2005). Is cannabis a gateway drug? testing hypothesesabout the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs.Drugand Alcohol Review,24(1), 39-48.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230500126698Hart, H. (2007). Alcohol, drugs, andthe adolescent brain.Developmental medication and pincerNeurology,49(12), 883. Retrieved from http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/195605999?accountid=11620Hayatbakhsh,M. R., Najman, J. M., Jamrozik, K., Mamun, A. A., Alati, R., & Bor, W.(2007). Cannabis and anxiety and depression in young adults A largeprospective study. diary of the American Academy of Child &Adolescent Psychiatry,46(3), 408-417.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1097/chi.0b013e31802dc54dHenquet,C., Krabbendam, L., Spauwen, J., Kaplan, C., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., & VanOs, J. (2005). Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition forpsychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young lot.BMJ British medical checkupJournal,330(7481), 11. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38267.664086.63Hill, M.N., Patel, S., Campolongo, P., Tasker, J. G., Wotjak, C. T., & Bains, J. S.(2010). Functional interactions between stress and the endocannabinoid systemFrom synaptic signaling to behavioral output.The Journal of Neuroscience,30(45),14980-14986. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4283-10.2010Hunt, G.E., Bergen, J., & Bashir, M. (2002). Medication compliance and comorbidsubstance abuse i n schizophrenia Impact on community survival 4 years after arelapse.Schizophrenia Research,54(3), 253-264.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00261-4Hwang,J. K., & Clarke, H. (2016). Cannabis and pain A review.Journal ofPain Management,9(4), 395-413. Retrieved fromhttp//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search.proquest.com/docview/1949290907?accountid=11620Iversen,L. (2004). How cannabis whole kit in the brain. In D. Castle, & R. Murray(Eds.),Marijuana and madness Psychiatry and neurobiology marijuanaand madness Psychiatry and neurobiology(pp. 19-40, Chapter xvi, 218Pages) Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1017/CBO9780511543630.004Retrieved from http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/620584373?accountid=11620Jacobus,J., McQueeny, T., Bava, S., Schweinsburg, B. C., Frank, L. R., Yang, T. T.,& Tapert, S. F. (2009). White matter integrity in adolescents withhistories of m arijuana use and binge drinking.Neurotoxicology andTeratology,31(6), 349-355.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2009.07.006Johnston, L. &OMalley, P.M. (2015). Monitoring theFuture National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014. Bethesda, MDNational Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services,National Institutes of HealthLedent, C., Valverde, O., Cossu, G., Petitet, F., Aubert, J. F., Beslot,F., Bohme, G. A., Imperato, A., Pedrazzini, T., Roques, B. P. Vassart, G.,Fratta, W., & Parmentier, M. (1999). Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids andreduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice.Science,283(5400),401-404.Lee, T.T. Y., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2015). Evidence for a role of adolescentendocannabinoid signaling in regulating HPA axis stress responsivity andemotional behavior development. InInternational review of neurobiology(Vol.125, pp. 49-84). Academic Press.Retrieved from https//www-sciencedirect-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/science/article/pii/S00747 74215000987?_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_origin=gateway&_docanchor=&md5=b8429449ccfc9c30159a5f9aeaa92ffbLevine, A., Clemenza, K., Rynn, M.,& Lieberman, J. (2017). Evidence for the risks and consequences ofadolescent cannabis exposure.Journal of the American Academy of Child& Adolescent Psychiatry,56(3), 214-225.http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.014 Retrievedfrom http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1875567972?accountid=11620Lewis, S. W., Tarrier, N., &Drake, R. J. (2005). Integrating non-drug treatments in early schizophrenia.TheBritish Journal of Psychiatry,187, s65-s71. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.48.s65Leyton, M.(2016). Legalizing marijuana. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 41(2),75-76. http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1503/jpn.160012 Retrieved fromhttp//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1819128922?accountid=11620Lovelace,J. W., Corche s, A., Vieira, P. A., Hiroto, A. S., Mackie, K., & Korzus, E.(2015). An animal model of female adolescent cannabinoid exposure elicits along-lasting deficit in presynaptic long-term plasticity.Neuropharmacology,99,242-255. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.034Lu, A.T., Ogdie, M. N., Jrvelin, M., Moilanen, I. K., Loo, S. K., McCracken, J. T.,McGough, J. J., Yang, M. H., Peltonen, L., Nelson, S. F., Cantor, R. M., &Smalley, S. L. (2008). Association of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) withADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder.American Journal of MedicalGenetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics,147b(8), 1488-1494.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30693Lubman, D., Bonomo, Y., & Yucel,M. (2007). Drug use in young peopleshort-term effects and long-term harms. In Gilvarry, E., & McArdle, P.(Eds.). Alcohol, Drugs, and Young People Clinical Approaches, Clinics inDevelopmental Medicine No. 172. London Mac Keith Press, pp. 18-50. Meier,M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrin gton, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E.,MacDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistentcannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife.PNAS legal proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ofAmerica,109(40), E2657-E2664.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109Moore,T. H. M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R. E., Jones, P. B.,Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental heath outcomes A systematic review.TheLancet,370(9584), 319-328.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3Morales-Muoz,I., Jurado-Barba, R., Ponce, G., Martnez-Gras, I., ngel Jimnez-Arriero, M.,Moratti, S., & Rubio, G. (2014). Characterizing cannabis-induced psychosisA study with prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex.PsychiatryResearch,220(1-2), 535-540. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.010Moreira, F. A., & Lutz, B.(2008). The endocannabinoid s ystem Emotion, learning and addiction.AddictionBiology,13(2), 196-212.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00104.xMorral,A. R., McCaffrey, D. F., & Paddock, S. M. (2002). Reassessing the marijuanagateway effect.Addiction,97(12), 1493-1504.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.xPatton,G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W.(2002). Cannabis use and mental health in younger people Cohort study.BMJBritish Medical Journal,325(7374), 1195-1198.doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195Pickel, V. M., Chan, J., Kash, T. L., Rodriguez, J. J., & MacKie, K.(2004). Compartment-specific localization of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and -opioidreceptors in rat nucleus accumbens.Neuroscience,127(1),101-112.Pope, H.G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Heustis, M. A., &Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits Whatis the nature of the association?Drug and Alcohol De pendence,69(3),303-310. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00334-4Quinn,H. R., Matsumoto, I., Callaghan, P. D., Long, L. E., Arnold, J. C.,Gunasekaran, N., Thompson, M. R., Dawson, B., Mallet, P. E., Kashem, M. A.,Mastuda-Matsumoto, H., Iwazaki, T., & McGregor, I. S. (2008). Adolescentrats find repeated -THC less aversive than adult rats but display greaterresidual cognitive deficits and changes in hippocampal protein expressionfollowing exposure.Neuropsychopharmacology,33(5), 1113-1126. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301475Rodrguez,J. J., Mackie, K., & Pickel, V. M. (2001). Ultrastructural localization ofthe CB1 cannabinoid receptor in -opioid receptor patches of the rat caudateputamen nucleus.Journal of Neuroscience,21(3), 823-833Romeo,R. D. (2013). The teenage brain The stress response and the adolescent brain.CurrentDirections in Psychological Science,22(2), 140-145.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721413475445Rubino,T., & Parolaro, D. (2014). Can nabis abuse in adolescence and the risk ofpsychosis A draft review of the preclinical evidence.Progress inNeuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,52, 41-44.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.020Rubino, T., Realini, N., Guidali, C., Braida, D., Capurro, V.,Castiglioni, C., & Parolaro, D. (2008). Chronic 9-tetrahydrocannabinol during adolescence provokes sex-dependent changes in theemotional pen in adult rats behavioral and biochemical correlates.Neuropsychopharmacology,33(11),2760.Sobesky, M., &Gorgens, K. (2016). Cannabis and adolescents Exploring the substance misusetreatment provider experience in a climate of legalization. InternationalJournal of Drug Policy, 33, 66-74.http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.008 Retrievedfrom http//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search-proquest-com.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/docview/1813639780?accountid=11620Spechler, P. A., Orr, C. A., Chaarani,B., Kan, K., Mackey, S., Morton, A., Snowe, M. P., Hudson , K. E., Althoff, R.R., Higgins, S. T., Cattrell, A., Flor, H., Nees, F., Banaschewski, T., Bokde,A. L. W., Whelan, R., Buchel, C., Bromburg, U., Conrod, P., Frouin, V.,Papadopoulous, D., Gallinat, J., Heinz, A., Walter, H., Ittermann, B., Gowland,P., Paus, T., Poustka, L., Martinot, J., Artiges, E., Smolka, M. N., Schumann,G., & Garavan, H. (2015). Cannabis use in early adolescence Evidence ofamygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat.Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience,16, 63-70.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.007Stefanis, N. C., Delespaul, P.,Henquet, C., Bakoula, C., Stefanis, C. N., & Van Os, J. (2004). Earlyadolescent cannabis exposure and positive and negative dimensions of psychosis.Addiction,99(10),1333-1341. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00806.xStuart, E. A., & Green, K. M.(2008). Using full matching to estimate causal effects in nonexperimentalstudies Examining the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and adultoutcomes.Developmental P sychology,44(2), 395-406.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.395Tait, R. J., Mackinnon, A., &Christensen, H. (2011). Cannabis use and cognitive function 8year trajectoryin a young adult cohort.Addiction,106(12), 2195-2203.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03574.xTapert, S. F., Granholm, E., Leedy, N.G., & Brown, S. A. (2002). Substance use and withdrawal Neuropsychologicalfunctioning over 8 years in youth.Journal of the InternationalNeuropsychological Society,8(7), 873-883.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702870011Van Gundy, K., & Rebellon, C. J.(2010). A life-course perspective on the gateway hypothesis.Journalof Health and Social Behavior,51(3), 244-59. Retrieved fromhttp//proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=https//search.proquest.com/docview/755695027?accountid=11620van Laar, M., van Dorsselaer, S.,Monshouwer, K., & de Graaf, R. (2007). Does cannabis use predict the firstincidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population?Addiction,102(8),1251-1260.doi http//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01875.xVanOs, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., & Verdoux, H.(2002). Cannabis use and psychosis a longitudinal population-basedstudy.American journal of epidemiology,156(4),319-327. doi https//doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf043Wade, D., Harrigan, S., Edwards, J.,Burgess, P. M., Whelan, G., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Course of substancemisuse and daily tobacco use in first-episode psychosis.SchizophreniaResearch,81(2-3), 145-150.doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.09.010Womack, S. R., Shaw, D. S., Weaver, C.M., & Forbes, E. E. (2016). Bidirectional associations between cannabis useand depressive symptoms from adolescence through early adulthood among at-riskyoung men.Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,77(2),287-297. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.287Zamberletti, E., Beggiato, S., Steardo Jr, L., Prini, P., Antonelli,T., Ferraro, L., Rubino, T., & Parolaro, D. (2014). Alt erations ofprefrontal cortex GABAergic transmission in the complex psychotic-likephenotype induced by adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure inrats.Neurobiology of disease,63, 35-47.