Disscuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disscuse - Essay Example The first advantage of pushing for negative interest rates is an increased share of investments into country’s economy. The central bank levies taxes for depositing money and it becomes unprofitable for commerce banks and companies. As a result, they invest funds into economy itself, evoking its growth and development. So, instead of lying on deposits, the money will be in turnover. Secondly, negative interest rates will motivate commercial banks to lend more. As a consequence, households will have higher liquidity. The next chain link is a higher demand on various commodities, as the more people can afford, the more they will buy. In the end this all leads to development of industry and higher production standards. However, there is no certain evidence that introducing negative interest rates will help countries to avoid extreme inflation, deflation or economic crisis. It is relatively new and almost untested method. It was once tried in Denmark and that experiment had some positive results. Now the European Central Bank is thinking to follow this example. All in all, I suppose that negative interest rate is quite an effective way of settling and stabilizing the economy and stimulating its further growth. Speaking about its reliability, I think there is a chance that this strategy may fail. Nevertheless, if used in cooperation with other methods, it may become a real breakthrough in world’s

Enlightenment philosopher Essay Example for Free

Enlightenment philosopher Essay John Locke (1632-1704) was an Enlightenment philosopher. Some authors define him as â€Å"the philosopher of freedom† and â€Å"the father of English empiricism and liberalism†. His ideas and concepts about social structure, social consent and human natural rights determined development of political philosophy and republican democracy. John Locke was an Oxford scholar. His teachers were famous British scientists including chemist Robert Boyle who probably taught him about atomism. John Locke was medical researcher and physician, philosopher and pedagogue, economist and ideologue for a revolutionary movement. His career was associated with name of the First Earl of Shaftesbury who was a Lord-Chancellor of England. When Locke emigrated to the continental Europe he studied Cartesian philosophy in France and become acquainted with William of Orange who later became English King. Locke came back to England only in 1689 and took up many official posts but devote much more time to his scientific studies. Contemporaries knew Locke as an economic writer and opposition political activist. Locke was an ideologue of constitutional monarchy and division of powers. He was an opponent of theories of divine origin of the royal power. He was a friend of Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle and an early member of the Royal Society. The principles of Locke’s philosophy were the ideological basement for Great French and American Revolution. John Locke together with Francis Bacons was a founder of empiricism theory. He assumed that human mind at the birth is like â€Å"blanc paper† and only experiences through trials and errors form ideas and knowledge. This theory was described in Lockes â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† and had impact on the development of behaviorism. Lock started to write his main work â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† in 1671, but published it only in 1690. Why he wrote it? Essay present the fundamental principles of his philosophy, it’s the culmination of his reflection on the origins of human knowledge. Essay contains of four books: â€Å"Of innate notions†, â€Å"Of ideas†, â€Å"Of words† and â€Å"Of knowledge and probability†. This philosophic treatise is written in archaic style but it still easy to read because of the use of dialogue form and clear argumentation. Locke devoted much of the Essay to an extended argument that human ideas and understanding are ultimately derived from experience. Before scientists suggested that some ideas could be innate. Actually, Locke proposed new theory of knowledge. Essay is an answer to the question: â€Å"Where do we get ideas which are the content of our knowledge? † The first chapter of the first book is named as â€Å"No innate speculative Principles†. It consists of twenty eights paragraphs. The name of chapter reflects its content. The chapter is opened with discussion â€Å"how men, barely by the use of their natural facilities, may attain to all the knowledge they have without the help of any innate impressions†. Locke wrote about the importance of speculative and practical principles and gave examples of them to show that â€Å"universal content proves nothing innate†. He used humor to show that nothing on the mind is naturally imprinted when speak about children understanding. To show impossibility of innate concepts and sensations he used dialectic that helped reader to understand that only experience could generate ideas. Just some examples of his logic. In the paragraphs 6-12 he explained that if all people have innate ideas but later they will come to know things upon the use of own reason then innateness is loosing its sense. He wrote about peculiarities of child’s mind: â€Å"after they come to the use of reason, those general abstract ideas are not framed in the mind, about which those general maxims are, which are mistaken for innate principles, but are indeed discoveries made, and verities introduced, and brought into the mind by the same way, and discovered by the same steps, as several other propositions, which nobody has ever so extravagant as to suppose innate † In 15th section of the chapter author outlines his theory of knowledge origin. He showed the sketch of new theory and how it could be applied to the particular and general ideas, to the memory, names, abstraction and language. He noted that universal concepts came from self-evidence, not innateness (Ch. 1, 18) and that less general ideas (he called them â€Å"propositions†) are known â€Å"before. universal maxims. He insists that theory of innate ideas is fruitless because innateness cannot be applied to mathematics and other complicated fields of human knowledge. In 24-27th sections he wrote that ideas cannot be innate because they are not â€Å"universally assented to†. In the last paragraph of the chapter Locke wrote: â€Å"Upon the whole matter, I cannot see any ground to think †¦ speculative Maxims innate: since they are not universally assented to; and the assent they so generally find is no other than what several propositions, not allowed to be innate, equally partake in with them: and since the assent that is given them is produced another way, and comes not from natural inscription, as I doubt not but to make appear in the following Discourse. And if these first principles of knowledge and science are found not to be innate, no other speculative maxims can (I suppose), with better right pretend to be so. † Locke is a propagator of ideas that abstract speculative principle cannot be innate. He attacked the theory that human mind is born knowing certain things. It was revolutionary for the late XVII century and John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding have had great impact on the history of philosophy and society. His studies of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity and his polemics with adherents of stagnant views on the nature of knowledge stimulated development not only of epistemology but all fields of science. Lockes ideas played at least some part in the formation of revolutionary thought in France and American colonies. Of course, not only â€Å"Essay Concerning Human Understanding† influenced on social history of those and many other countries but this trait liberated mind of other researchers. References 1. Essay Concerning Human Understanding http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/phl302/texts/locke/locke1/Book1a. html#Chapter%20I 2. Johne Lock Wikipedia on-line http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Locke 3. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/locke

Loniless In Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

â€Å"Friendship needs no words—it is a loneliness relieved of the anguish of loneliness.† - Dag Hammarskjold. Without friends, people begin to suffer loneliness and solitude. In Of Mice and Men, the characters of Crooks and Curley’s wife suffer loneliness stemmed from some form of rejection. Both of them are desperate to find an escape from their loneliness or some easy way to cope with their seclusion from the rest of the society. Crooks is a black man that experiences isolation because the society that he lives in is racist. â€Å" A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody †¦ I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick.† Crooks’ loneliness is a result of rejection from everyone else on the ranch. He is forced to live alone in a barn, let to work only with the horses. Crooks spends most of his time reading. The only relationship he can find is with his books. When Lennie enters his room, Crooks is interested in Lennie’s relationship with George. â€Å"Well s’pose, jus’ s’pose he don’t come back.† Crooks wants to make people understand and maybe even have sympathy for his situation. Crooks becomes so desperate for a relationship that he offers his services to George and Lennie for free, just to escape his loneliness. Curley’s wife, Mae, is married to a man that gives her little attention and none of his time. Mae dresses and acts like a â€Å"tart† to gain attention on the ranch in order to soothe her loneliness. Because she is the only woman on the ranch, her flirting causes the men on the ranch to want to avoid her. â€Å"Wha’s the matter with me? Ain’t I got a right to talk to nobody?† The men don’t want any trouble from her husband. Mae struggles to find someone in her society to consult with. She finally seeks out someone who doesn’t know any better than to talk to her. Once she found that person, Lennie, her lonliness is sotthed permanently.

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Essay -- Research Papers, Globalization

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. 1. Introduction Globalization has lead to increase in international trade and a greater role for multinational corporations. With the rise of globalization many companies are turning to either off shoring or offshore outsourcing. In India and China, companies like IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and Novell choose to get services from sub-contractors in these countries or move their development and support jobs there. Outsourcing is to contract out some of company’s activities to a third party company. The company who outsourced and the third party who is going to handle the activities for the company are joined by means of an outsourcing arrangement. This practice became even more popular after the dot-com crash of the early 21st century. As many businesses struggled with cash-flow problems, many investors were leary in investing money in high-tech companies, which many felt were still vulnerable to the dot-com effect. Struggling to do more with less, companies looked for less expensive avenues of development and support. For the United States, Indiaseemed like a perfect resource for these needs since most nationals speak english. A company can hire an engineer in India, for example, for US$10,000 a year where an equally qualified engineer in the U.S. could cost $60,000-$90,000 a year. Outsourcing has been big political issue as highly educated and highly paid IT workers lose their jobs. In this competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on competency and they want to outsource everything to reduce cost so the trend toward offshore outsourcing is increasing. Outsourcing threatens that in future US will not have many technology people. As all the technical work will be ... ...ures/feature.php?wfId=1872298 http://lieberman.senate.gov/newsroom/whitepapers/Offshoring.pdf http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/kirkegaard0204.pdf http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4631368/ http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/outsourcing/story/0,10801,78941,00.html http://www.agilemanagement.net/Articles/Weblog/OutsourcingDebate.html http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/12/19/HNoutsourcing2004_1.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36379-2004Mar30.html http://www.iht.com/articles/127188.html http://www.aicpa.org/pubs/jofa/mar2004/miller.htm http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Outsourcing http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2004/304/perspectives/nv1.htm http://www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=1907 http://www.nasscom.org/artdisplay.asp?Art_id=2552 http://www.capgemini.com/adaptive/media/TransOutsourcePOV.pdf

Hunter-gatherer: Food and Limited Personal Possessions Essay

My people are what you call Hunter-Gatherers. We survive by hunting and gathering our food. We live in what are called â€Å"Bands.† These usually consist of 15-20 people, all of which are usually related either by blood or marriage. We don’t have any type of government or hierarchy like other civilizations. Instead we believe we are all created equal, and we treat each other in that manner. We are nomadic, which means that we do not stay in the same place year around. We move in order to take advantage of the abundance of different foods in different areas. I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me take you through a day in my life. Our breakfast is pretty simple. The outcome of the hunting and gathering of yesterday decides what food we will eat for breakfast today. On a good day we will eat grapefruit, or a mixture of fruits and nuts along with some elk jerky, and of course accompanied by spring water. After breakfast the men will leave for their daily hunt.There is a great skill to their hunting, for they must know where and when to look for the foods. The men use various tools in hunting for animals. The most common of these tools is the bow. This is the most powerful weapon available. Arrows made of wood with flint blades set in their ends are also used for hunting. Our men hunt for game such as deer, elk, bear, birds, etc. They also fish. The results of the hunt are very important, mostly because we must eat, but also because we need to utilize every part of the animal in order to survive. We have various uses for the animal after it has been killed. First and foremost it is our source for food. It also provides us with the shelter and the clothing we need.I guess now would be a good time to tell you about the types of homes we live in. We cannot build permanent homes because we move around. Our houses are temporary, and because we move around we have limited personal possessions. Our shelters are lightweight huts and wind-breaks that are built out of branches. We also use the skins of animals to create tents.Our clothing is also made of animal skins. We make our clothes by stitching together hides using bone needles and animal sinew. The teeth of the animal are often used to create necklaces or pendants.After the men arrive home from their hunt, the women work together to process the food that was collected that day. The nuts and shellfish need to be removed from their shells, and the birds that were killed need to be plucked of their feathers. We also need to skin the animals and prepare the meat for cooking. For dinner we will have duck, served with nuts and fruit. If anyone is still hungry afterward they can eat jerky or grapefruit. The meat will be cooked over a simple fire, roasted on a spit. Dinner will be delicious tonight, and a great reward for a successful day’s hunt.After dinner we sometimes gather around the fire and tell stories, or dance in celebration of the hunt. We must not take life for granted, for our lives are filled with hard work and the struggle to survive.Hope you enjoyed accompanying me in the journey through my day to day life!

International China

International China Free Online Research Papers China is a market almost every company, whether domestic or a multinational, wants to conquer. With more than one billion people potentially waiting to be customers, and an economy that is currently fourth largest in the world (at US$1.97 trillion), businessmen worldwide are beginning to recognize what a powerhouse this former sleeping giant is. For the past two decades, Chinese leaders have realized that China can no longer shut itself off from the world. For it to prosper, it must adapt to the free-market economies of the other countries it wants to do business with. After the death of one of the most powerful leaders of china, Mao Tse Tung, the country, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, set to modernize itself and loosen some of the restrictions communism has brought about to the country. At present, the People’s Republic of China has a socialist government. China is the one of largest country in East Asia with an area of 9.6 million square kilometers and 1.3 billion people living in the country (CIIC, 2007). The country’s central government is seated at its capital, Beijing. Aside from this, the country’s population is growing at a rate of 5.87 per year despite their one-child policy. At the moment, the population is slightly skewed favoring 51.5 percent towards the male gender compared to 48.5 percent of female. Majority of the population is composed of those who can be part of the productive workforce (ages 15-64 years) at almost 71 percent. Most of the Chinese live near the eastern coast of the country, near the most fertile and accessible lands. This is the area of the Yangtze Delta, Sichuan and the counties and cities along this coast (Heilig, 1999). Ninety percent of Chinese live in around here, which is roughly 30 percent of the total land area of the country. This area is quite dense at 354 people per square kilometer (Heilig, 1999). This is also the most industrialized area in the country. China is bounded by the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea and the South China Sea on its eastern side. The rest of the country is bounded by the following countries counterclockwise starting from the north east: North Korea, Russia, and Mongolia. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos and Vietnam (CIA, 2007). It is the fourth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada and the United States (CIA, 2007). Depending on what part of China one is at, the terrain can be mountainous, dessert, flat and swampy, hilly or fertile. It can either be very hot, like in the Gobi Dessert, tropical like in the southeast or extremely cold like in the mountains of the Himalayas. China is rich in natural resources. The CIA, in its fact book, cites that China has coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium and hydropower potential from its rivers. Unfortunately, the country is visited by typhoons or what Americans would call a hurricane, leaving damages in its wake. Aside from this, areas near the country’s major rivers also cause flooding and the country is also vulnerable to tsunamis, earthquakes and droughts (CIA, 2007). Majority of the people are literate, with Mandarin as the official language, although several dialects are also used, like Cantonese and Shanghais (CIA, 2007). However, because of China’s exposure to the outside world, some Chinese are beginning to learn English. In doing business with any country, it is important to learn about their culture and society. This is to ensure better understanding and avoid embarrassing situations of unknowingly insulting the host country and jeopardize Chinese culture has rich traditions dating from thousands of years ago. Until the last century, China has been ruled by dynasties. However, China has undergone several changes in its political structure from democratic to communism to socialism at present. The Chinese have moved forward and dress similarly to most westerners and reserve their traditional dress for celebrations and special events (Premier Star Co., 2007). Red is considered a lucky color for Chinese. The Chinese also place a high regard for a person’s credibility, image and honor, which is close to their concept of â€Å"face† (Premier Star Co., 2007). The chinaunique.com website advises that the concept of â€Å"face† is ingrained in their culture so they are careful not it insult, embarrass, shame or demean a person. Causing embarrassment to a business associate may result to severed business times. Maintaining his â€Å"face† may be crucial in conducting a deal. Training or acculturation to this concept begins at a very young age. People are taught how important their image to the outside world or â€Å"face† is. In responding to strangers on survey and interviews, responses are likely to be influenced by the respondent’s perception of how it will make him or her look, or their â€Å"face†. Other ways of obtaining information would have to be done. Aside from altering the usual method of how market research is done, trying to get responses from Chinese counterparts, like in process improvement, should also be done creatively in such a way that the concept of â€Å"face† is taken into consideration and respondents are encouraged to help improve the process. An example of how this can be circumnavigated is requesting for information on how to improve production presented in such a way that the team perceives that honesty is needed in order for the group to save face. This concept is also prevalent in most Asian cultures so a foreigner must be familiar with the concept and respect it in order to successfully negotiate and do business with them. The Chinese also believe in the concept of extended families. The family is a strong unit in China, with children either living with or nearby their parents. The influence of family can also be seen in personal and business decisions. Again, in doing business with the Chinese, familial ties need to be considered as well. Most modern conveniences and appliances that Americans are used to are still rare in most Chinese households like washing machines, dryers and telephones (Premier Star Co., 2007). City dwellers, of course have more appliances than those that live at rural areas. This presents an opportunity for many foreign companies who have managed to penetrate the Chinese market. China has been touted an economic miracle – rising from civil war and the Cultural Revolution for most of the second half of the twentieth century. Since then, any rise or fluctuation in the country’s economic activities has had great repercussions throughout the world. China, as it is known now, was established in 1949 as a communist government, with the Soviet Union’s recognition (Chinavoc, 2002). However, it only became stable when the civil war ended and most of the nationalists fled to nearby Taiwan and set their own government. Up to now, China does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan and considers it as a province. After the civil war, the communist government under Mao Tse Tung set to rebuild their country with their â€Å"Great Leap Forward† program to gain economic and technical development at a fast pace (Chinavoc, 2002). People were sent to communes to work at factories, mines and other establishments. They were supposed to be self-sufficient units. After a few years of trying to recover in the early 1960s, Mao tried to retake control of the country by initiating the Cultural Revolution in 1966, with the thinking that capitalist thought was creeping into the country’s policies. This led to intellectuals being sent to the communes to teach them the value of working for the party’s benefit all the time. After Mao’s death in 1976, reformists led by Deng Xiaoping slowly gained control of the Communist party leadership and were able to start instituting their reforms (Chinavoc, 2002). However, despite the effects that the Cultural Revolution wrought to the country, Mao was still recognized for his efforts to unite China. Deng Xiaoping gained leadership and started giving more freedom to people in the communes in terms of deciding what to produce. The government policy turned from prioritizing politics to economics (Chinavoc, 2002), the start of the Four Modernizations: industry, agriculture, science and technology. His leadership saw the rise of what the Chinese call the â€Å"Second Revolution†. However, while there were more freedoms in the economy, political freedom is not yet as well developed as international human rights groups would like to be. There have been calls for the Chinese government to free political prisoners and administer reforms for freedom of speech, which, ironically, is part of the ratified 1982 constitution. China is yet to strengthen its business regulation and banking systems although analysts are confident that the country will eventually fix these issues. In the meantime, nearby autonomous regions like Hong Kong is providing their own help in terms of having a model for similar institutions. China politics, however, remain as a single-party system up to now. REFERENCES Central Intelligence Agency (2007) The World Fact book: China. Cia.gov. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/ch.htmlChina Internet Information Center (CIIC). (2007) China: Quick Facts. China.org.cn. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, china.org.cn/e-changshi/index.htm China Internet Network Information Center (2007) CNNIC Released the 19th Statistical Survey Report on Internet Development in China. Cnnic.net. Retrieved March 25, 2007 from, cnnic.net.cn/html/Dir/2007/02/05/4432.htm Chinavoc. (2002) Chinese modern time history, The People’s Republic of China. Chinavoc.com. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from, chinavoc.com/history/peoplerepublic.htm Research Papers on International ChinaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Market continuum analysis Essays

Market continuum analysis Essays Market continuum analysis Paper Market continuum analysis Paper Health and human development form integral component of overall socio-economic development of any nation. The organizations and financing of healthcare in different countries are different. In each country, the design of health services and the means by which these services are financed depend on the country’s political culture, history, and wealth. Several frameworks and models have been developed by analysts to explain these systems and to help compare healthcare systems in a meaningful manner. The work of Odin Anderson and Milton Roemer is most notable among them. Anderson developed the concept of the â€Å"uneasy equilibrium† between the private and public healthcare sectors, and he organized health systems on a continuum based on the level of government involvement in the financing and organization of health services. In his market-minimized/market-maximized continuum Anderson explains that the degree to which a state centralizes financing and planning and the relative size of its public sector determine its position in the continuum, and as well the extent to which it influences the procedures of the economy itself. (Berkowitz, 2004) The market-maximized end of the continuum focuses on the concept of change through the private market with limited government involvement. According to Anderson, Such transformation may be speedy or sluggish, but it is natural to the system and its speed is also normal. It is incremental, not revolutionary. Anderson has positioned the United States at the far end of the market-maximized end of the spectrum. The market- minimized end of the spectrum, on the other hand, focuses on the socialistic strategy of planned economies and government programs for distributive justice and aims to modify with deliberate speed and at a scheduled pace. The United States health care system has moved its position on Anderson’s market-minimized/market maximized continuum. This oscillation has affected Socio-economic, Demographic, Health status, Political areas in United States. (King, 2005) Effect of the oscillation on Health status of United States Health systems in each and every country in the world, regardless of their wealth or level of economic development, are struggling to deal with multiple demands and pressures. With modernization and industrialization the developed countries like United States are experiencing epidemiologic Transition. This term refers to a change in the type of diseases and sickness experienced within a society. Changes in mortality structure are the principle result indicator by which the epidemiological transition is evaluated. People in industrial area have to live with industrial waste and polluted water and air. Slums arose in industrial cities and became central points for poverty and the spread of disease. Epidemics of smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, measles, and yellow fever were well-documented. Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis were even more serious problems, and they were exacerbated by harsh working situations and crowded living conditions. The United States health care system has taken several steps to educate people about health issues, provide uncontaminated food and water, safer and better living conditions. As a result, now in United States, major sources of morbidity and mortality result from chronic and non communicable diseases. Many of these diseases are related to lifestyle, such as increased lung cancer due to smoking or high rates of cardiovascular disease that result from obesity and lack of exercise. Common diseases among wealthy, developed nations include arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. These diseases do not result from malnutrition or lack of access to health services. Instead these are results of excesses in personal lifestyle or simply be due to increased longevity, which causes the body to become more susceptible to such conditions. Consequently, in United States populations generally suffer with considerable chronic diseases and, thus, continual healthcare is needed. (Lamb, 2004) Effect of the oscillation on Socio-economic structure of United States Economic development seems to be the primary factor involved. However, economic development also brings modern determinants of health, which arise mainly from changes in lifestyle and from the hazards of contemporary and imperfectly understood technology. In United States people have become more civilized, living in a very high life style. But this development has also introduced both positive and negative influences such as use of tobacco, use of alcohol, etc which are injurious to health. Several psychological factors have an impact on suicidal tendencies, including social isolation, crises, depression, and alcoholism. Due to steady Industrialization and accelerating competition in market gives rise to an environment of tough competition. Competition along with more complex production and distribution environments requires identifying and reducing necessary costs, such as costs associated with development, manufacturing, distribution and service. (Anand, 2006)

Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy

Families, welfare and social policy Earlier this year, the editorial team of Family Matters commissioned a set of papers for a special issue of the magazine devoted to the question of social policy and its impact on family life in Australia. Every author that we approached agreed to write something for us, and this issue is the result. Overview of themes In inviting people to write for us, we were particularly keen to generate papers looking at the changing system of state welfare and how it relates to family life. Reform of the welfare and social security systems is at the forefront of political debate in many western nations, including Australia, and in September this year the Minister for Family and Community Services, Jocelyn Newman, announced that welfare reform was to be a key priority in the Federal government's legislative program. In putting together this special issue of Family Matters, we hope to contribute to the debate which will inevitably follow from the government's determination to reform the Australian welfare state. Any reform of the welfare state obviously has important implications for Australian families. This is because, in some significant ways, the modern welfare state and the family can be seen as functional substitutes for each other. Obviously the state cannot supply the affection that we look for in family life, any more than the family can supply the range of services and level of support that the state can provide. But in general, the more the welfare system does, the less the family is likely to be required to do, and vice versa. This is why welfare policy and family policy are so closely linked - change in one will normally imply change in the other. Given that so many of the problems being confronted in Australian public policy are also being addressed in other developed countries, it made sense for us when putting this issue together to solicit contributions both from within and from outsid... Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy Free Essays on Families, Welfare And Social Policy Families, welfare and social policy Earlier this year, the editorial team of Family Matters commissioned a set of papers for a special issue of the magazine devoted to the question of social policy and its impact on family life in Australia. Every author that we approached agreed to write something for us, and this issue is the result. Overview of themes In inviting people to write for us, we were particularly keen to generate papers looking at the changing system of state welfare and how it relates to family life. Reform of the welfare and social security systems is at the forefront of political debate in many western nations, including Australia, and in September this year the Minister for Family and Community Services, Jocelyn Newman, announced that welfare reform was to be a key priority in the Federal government's legislative program. In putting together this special issue of Family Matters, we hope to contribute to the debate which will inevitably follow from the government's determination to reform the Australian welfare state. Any reform of the welfare state obviously has important implications for Australian families. This is because, in some significant ways, the modern welfare state and the family can be seen as functional substitutes for each other. Obviously the state cannot supply the affection that we look for in family life, any more than the family can supply the range of services and level of support that the state can provide. But in general, the more the welfare system does, the less the family is likely to be required to do, and vice versa. This is why welfare policy and family policy are so closely linked - change in one will normally imply change in the other. Given that so many of the problems being confronted in Australian public policy are also being addressed in other developed countries, it made sense for us when putting this issue together to solicit contributions both from within and from outsid...

How does spa facilities aid in treatment for mental health patiences Essay

How does spa facilities aid in treatment for mental health patiences - Essay Example As a result, this will lead to a reduction in activity in hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the part of the brains that serves the function of governing stress response (McCray, 2009, 102). However, there are no conclusive results as to whether can actually be used in mental health treatment as different studies have come up with different results on this matter. However, it is safe to assume that yoga offers an acute benefit for patients suffering from depression. The only problem that makes yoga a little hard to incorporate is the fact that it is rather a cultural phenomenon which makes it hard for people to distinguish between the facts about yoga and mere hype. As much as physicians recommend the use of yoga in treating mental illnesses such as depression, it is recommended that the patient combines it with supervision from a trained therapist who can monitor the performance and warn against any negative effects that may occur as a result. Aerobic exercises such as swimming has over time been proved to improve mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. The sudden improvements in the moods of the patients can be attributed to the exercise-induced increase in blood circulation in the brain which will consequently affect the hypothalamic pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn affects the psychologic reactivity to stress. The other associated benefits with swimming include distraction, social interaction and self-efficacy. As much as structured programs are best suited for patients suffering from serious mental illnesses, lifestyle alterations that are mostly focused on buildup and enhancement of moderate-intensity activity throughout the patient’s day can be most effective for patients with mild cases of mental illnesses such as depression (Ridge, 2009, 28). Swimming for about 30 minutes three times a week is more than enough to help with treating mental patients suffering from depression. Physical exercise has

Modern Shipping Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Shipping Industry - Essay Example Even the applicability of privity of contract to the maritime contracts was established only after the court rulings in Tweddle & Atkinson [1861]1 and Thompson v Dominy [1845]2. Section 1 of the Bill of Lading Act was enacted to provide the right of suit to the consignee as well as the transferee of the Bill of Lading thus providing an exception to the privity of contract. However one major flaw was that the right of suit was made available only in respect of the conditions specifically and expressly mentioned in the Bill of lading. since the essence of Section 1 is to transfer the right of suit 'as if the contract contained in the bill of lading had been made with himself' . Thus made the section inoperative in those cases where the right of suit on reasons otherwise than on consignment or endorsement and this wording was adversely affecting the position of the Banks in whose favour the bills of lading were endorsed not giving them the right to sue. Under the circumstances where the Bills of lading were not able to be received by the consignees within such time the vessel reaches the destination, the buyer became the owner of the goods by producing a 'letter if indemnity'. As was decided in the case of The Delfini [19903] this act of becoming owner by delivery and 'not upon reason of consignment or endorsement' excluded the receiver's right to sue. The rulings in cases like The Aliakmon [1986]; where an endorsement was made in the Bill of Lading for the agent to take delivery on behalf of the consignee held that there was no transfer of property and in the case of The Aramis [1989]; since it was not possible to ascertain the specific goods consigned from a larger bulk, held that the property did not pass as laid down in Section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, have subsided the effect of the Delfini case. Cessation of Liability of the Ship owner: The decision in the case of Grant v Norway [1851]4 provided for the cessation of liability of the ship owner to the endorsee or transferee of the Bill of lading in cases where the ship owner can prove that the goods were not actually shipped., section 3 of the Bill of Lading Act 1855 was enacted to provide that statements made in the bills of lading with regards to the goods shipped would be conclusive evidence of such shipment "as against the Master or other persons signing the same". However this provision did not provide the necessary remedy for the problem as the ship owners were inclined to take advantage of the courts reading the provisions of Section 3 literally, by applying the principle of estoppel in their favour. Hence section 3 of the Bill of Lading Act proved ineffective in solving the issues created by the case of Grant v Norway [1851]5. Coverage of the Bill of Lading Act 1855: One final issue concerning the Bill of Lading Act was that it generally covered only 'Bills of Lading' and not 'sea way bills' which were the order of the day during the last few decades with the containerization of the goods which was not covered by the old Act. Provisions of the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992: Section 2 (1) (a) of the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, empowers the consignee to sue the carrier in contract, where the consignee is the

Persuasive speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive speech - Essay Example Secondly, I will provide a simple solution to dealing with second hand smoking. Lastly, I will inform you of the action you can take to avoid being a victim of second hand smoking. A. Statement of need: Just like smoking, second hand smoking has its consequences. Second hand smoking damages the human body by destroying cells (Golden 56). It causes many harmful diseases such as lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease, and other kind of serious illnesses and eventually death. Second hand smoking also affects people that are asthmatic. According per the Christopher Reynolds, more than twenty million smoking-related deaths have been reported in USA alone since 1964 (67). Among these deaths, 2.5 million deaths are among the non-smokers who have died as a result of second hand smoking. Moreover, during the same time, approximately 100,000 infants have died as a result of second had smoking (Reynolds 68). B. Illustration: Show a picture of Ainsley. I would love for you to meet Ainsley. As you all can see from the picture, Ainsley is lying in a hospital bed after being diagnosed with lung cancer. According to Ainsley’s doctors, his illness has been caused by inhaling too much tobacco from cigarettes. Notably, Ainsley is non-smoker and he has never smoked in his life. Ainsley works in a street that is full of smokers. After working for several years in this street and coming into contact with tobacco smoke dairy, the results are lung cancer. 1. Show a picture of Abbie. Abbie is an asthmatic child. Just the other day, Abbie was rushed to the hospital after suffering a major asthmatic attack which nearly killed her. The cause of this attack was exposure to second hand smoking in the park where she goes to play. As a result of the exposure, her asthmatic episodes have increased. 2. Show a picture of Alton. Alton, may God rest his soul, died when he was just seven months old. His mother was a smoker and she used to smoke

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope - Essay Example The purpose of  Ehrenreich's essay is to convince her readers that hope is being marketed as a glorified cure-all for every trouble in contemporary society. She aims to destroy the myth that hope is the key to happiness. Ehrenreich argues that hope has negative effects and advocates a more realistic attitude towards life. Ehrenreich’s criticism of hope as a universal remedy for life is valid, but her stand may not be applicable to every individual. Ehrenreich categorically declares, â€Å"I hate hope.† She regrets that the marketing of hope has become a major â€Å"self-improvement industry† in America, with self-help books, life-improvement coaches and motivational speakers establishing an increasing â€Å"Cult of Positivity.† Positive psychology takes on academic credentials with the emergence of courses in reputed college campuses. Ehrenreich concedes that the maintenance of an overtly positive attitude is all for the good of social interaction. However, she objects to the irrationality of clinging on to optimistic thinking, irrespective of the actual gravity of the situation. She equates such unwarranted hope as being out of touch with reality. She criticizes the pressure to hold on to a positive attitude â€Å"whether or not it is justified by the actual circumstances† (Ehrenreich). Ehrenreich points out that even the academically credentialed positive psychologists admit that â€Å"a healthy dose of negative thinking† is necessary for some situations, such as piloting an airplane. They also concede that their rules do not apply to people living under extreme conditions of stress, such as poverty of war. Ehrenreich extends these examples to other instances, such as car driving and child rearing. She disputes the validity of studies which claim to prove â€Å"the health-enhancing effects of positivity† and its contribution to happiness or success at the workplace.

Corporate communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate communications - Essay Example The corporate communication should be a manifestation of the organization’s responsibility towards society. Let us analyze Nike example regarding the same. Nike has been attacked by NGOs constantly for its attitude for its manufacturing units overseas. Nike claims itself to be a marketing firm rather than a manufacturing one. It entirely out sources its manufacturing and contracts the work across the globe. However more than once it has been embarrassed by the attacks on its overseas operations. In the year 1996, there was a child labor issue when a major story in the Life magazine featured a photograph of a very young Pakistani boy sewing a Nike Soccer ball. In response the co announced that it will raise the minimum age of the factory workers. In the 1970s most Nike shoes were made in Taiwan and South Korea. When the labor in these countries started to organize themselves for better wages and working conditions the company shifted its activities to Indonesia, China and also Vietnam. It is analyzed that Nike preferred these countries due to their poor enforcement of labor laws and also cheap labor availability. However in October 2000 , the BBC exposed Nike factory in Cambodia which broke its own strict code of conduct and rules. Post this, Nike promised to remove all underage workers from its factories and assured to pay for their education till the age of 16. In 1997, Nike was exposed for its hazardous conditions in south-east Asian factories where the labor was subjected to toxic material and fumes. All this while Nike tried to avoid responsibility for factory conditions by saying that they are â€Å"just buyers†, but the anti-sweatshop movement has refused to accept the excuse. The movement also forced Nike to take responsibility for the workers who make their products. The company incorporated CSR into its overall business strategy, which was necessary for its survival. The question arises that did Nike have to wait for the

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Barbara Ehrenreichs Pathologies of Hope - Essay Example The purpose of  Ehrenreich's essay is to convince her readers that hope is being marketed as a glorified cure-all for every trouble in contemporary society. She aims to destroy the myth that hope is the key to happiness. Ehrenreich argues that hope has negative effects and advocates a more realistic attitude towards life. Ehrenreich’s criticism of hope as a universal remedy for life is valid, but her stand may not be applicable to every individual. Ehrenreich categorically declares, â€Å"I hate hope.† She regrets that the marketing of hope has become a major â€Å"self-improvement industry† in America, with self-help books, life-improvement coaches and motivational speakers establishing an increasing â€Å"Cult of Positivity.† Positive psychology takes on academic credentials with the emergence of courses in reputed college campuses. Ehrenreich concedes that the maintenance of an overtly positive attitude is all for the good of social interaction. However, she objects to the irrationality of clinging on to optimistic thinking, irrespective of the actual gravity of the situation. She equates such unwarranted hope as being out of touch with reality. She criticizes the pressure to hold on to a positive attitude â€Å"whether or not it is justified by the actual circumstances† (Ehrenreich). Ehrenreich points out that even the academically credentialed positive psychologists admit that â€Å"a healthy dose of negative thinking† is necessary for some situations, such as piloting an airplane. They also concede that their rules do not apply to people living under extreme conditions of stress, such as poverty of war. Ehrenreich extends these examples to other instances, such as car driving and child rearing. She disputes the validity of studies which claim to prove â€Å"the health-enhancing effects of positivity† and its contribution to happiness or success at the workplace.

Eugne Delacroix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Eugne Delacroix - Research Paper Example He travelled far and wide, incorporating the Oriental culture in his work. He passes down an impressive legacy to his descendants especially the artistic school of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists. Eugene de la Croix was contemporary with the Romanticism movement spanning from 1790 to 1850, rose as a reactionary wave against the Age of Reason or Enlightenment. Romantics are characterized by nature, sentimentalism, idealism, imagination, religion, utopia, memory, symbolism, and heroism. All of these attributes are evidenced in Eugà ¨ne de la Croix’s works of art. Romanticism is set apart from other epochs because it asserted the importance of individualism; therefore, romantic writers had the liberty to conform to the ideals of the movement and to detour in a new direction according to their own individual desires. De la Croix himself was described as individualist because despite the heritage of his predecessors like Michaelangelo, he invented himself by his own paintings. Because of Enlightenment’s neglect, Romanticism reasserts nature, feeling, memory, symbolic representation, imagination, myth, and spirituality. One can find all these details in De la Croix a rt work. In Romanticism, nature is lauded as one of the most supreme objects of observation. Feelings and sentimentalism are core aspects of Romanticism since feelings and emotions are the channels through which man expresses thought and creativity. Romantics though that sensory and sensual perceptions also where vital in validating man as a being and not solely the mind as enlightenment intellectuals taught. Memory and imagination are mental transactions which evoke, project, and create images. In memory, anything can happen details can be altered, exaggerated, idealized, and forgotten. Frequently in the romantics’ works, nostalgia and a tender evoking of the past play prominent roles where the romantic’s retrospective vision is viewed in idyllic and

Science Department Essay Example for Free

Science Department Essay Every student has unique study techniques and strategies that fit him or her. Studying at night might be suitable for one student but not for all. Theories are major components in education. Many years have pass and I’m still open for another approach in learning for the betterment of my education. Spoon feeding might be good in some areas or field but not in some. During theoretical approaches I learned a lot but my knowledge was more enhanced when they were put into application. During laboratory activities a particular topic is more expounded and it even inspires me to pursue my education due to the fact that it injected me not only the importance of it but also the fun in doing it. Another thing is the laboratory report. New ideas were learned to ensure that the report is accurate and it also helped me think critically. The subject helped me discover the skills that I have to develop. One of those is the skill in conducting a study. I need to know more about the topic first and even search for the previous work which is related to it. I know everything should be developed and that’s one of the skills that I want to be expounded. Evolution explains the history and diversity of life. The evidences are used to formulate such theory: fossil records and comparative anatomy, embryology and biochemistry. These are used by the researchers to trace the human origin or the origin of life. It is supported by the vestigial structures and biogeography. The theory was developed by Charles Darwin. In his theory he said that man came from apes. Many factors causes particular specie to evolve, one is the environment. Due to it, specie will adopt and thus genetic build up change in a span of time. What interests me with this area of biology is the question: does man came from apes? Although there are many evidences but might be a missing link. Most likely, this can be answered if I learn the theory had its evidences. Metabolic processes have a wide area or field of study. Metabolism is defined as a chemical reaction by which molecules are broken down to produce energy. This energy also uses to build up complex molecules. A simple example of this process is the taking in and digestion of foods to nutrients. There are two types of this process; catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is a process used to release energy and anabolism is a process used to build up tissues by the use of energy. These processes are very essential to life. Through this are of biology I could learn some knowledge to develop a study that could help attain a perfect metabolism. I want to learn more about how cells and nutrients react and how the chemical reactions occur and help these processes. Genetics is an interesting field of biology. Molecular genetics is a study of the structure and function of genes in a molecular level. This field is the one responsible for mutation and the regeneration of some specie. This study uses the molecular information to determine the patterns of descent or origin. A plant is composed of highly structured components that it can even be compare to human beings. It has also cells that made it a living structure. When it comes to plant, I’m really amazed how a seed can survive a long period of time without water or anything for his survival and even some are dried but when planted, there he goes; a new creation appears that gives beauty and life. This are is so interesting. Even plants finds a way to get light from the sun that’s why there are many trunks are bended due to this characteristic. Homeostasis often described as the resistance of a body to change. Our body has a mechanism that can control the internal equilibrium of the body. When the temperature of our body rises, our body releases a liquid that will serve as a radiator in the form of sweat. This is used to attain the body normal temperature which does not exceed thirty seven degree Celsius. When our anti-bodies can no longer fight the bacteria, our body temperature rises up. Everything in homeostasis is involuntary. We cannot control it, only the environment, also, when our body is in cold, our body shivers. In this manner the muscles in our body will generate friction due to the collision of molecules and will release energy in the form of heat. What I like most in this area is the ability of our body to do as such. I want to learn more about this topic for me to be aware what really will happen to my body in a particular environment or I could even predict how my body will react. Population dynamics is the study marginal and long term changes in quantity or number of a specie. This can be age composition of an individual, weights or several populations. This is commonly used in animal management. This study can determine how long a particular animal be harvest. This can also determine how long and how many will be harvested in a particular time. This also includes the mortality rate and the birth rate of particular specie. This is very useful in animal raising. I want to learn how to compute or determine how fast and how much particular specie will survive in a given environment. This can be useful in conducting studies about biosphere or the artificial environment. Everything in this subject is very essential and interesting that’s why I choose to take this class. I believe that everything I need to learn, the basic or even the sophisticated one, will be learned in this class. Another reason also is because I have tried previous classes and found its worth, I take this. The strategies and evaluations are good. The laboratory activities, reports, and the like makes me feel the significance of this class. To further deepen my knowledge I need to learn through this. Grades or marks do not really matter. They are only the basis and ensure that I know something. What’s important is the knowledge that I can acquire in taking this class but of course it will be good if I’ll get a high marks. This class will only be called a success to me when everything written on the syllabus will be inculcated in my mind and be used in application. Everything is uncertain, of course. I do not know what exactly will happened but I know it will be for my good. What I need to do is to study hard and listen to every discussions. If ever I missed something or I want something that could add my knowledge I will not hesitate to ask. It will be better if I’ll be a fool for a singlke time than be a fool for the rest of my life. What I’m trying to say is that the shame will not matter even if I’ll be the last person to know the information I’ll still ask, remember knowledge is power. I guess I have nothing to suggest because I thing everything goes well and good as what I’ve known. I guess the research work will we enhanced to further improve and broaden the knowledge of the students. As what I’ve stated, research really helped the students to be more resourceful and to think critically. Work cited: Fletcher’s Meadow Science Department (2007). Retrieved January 28,2007 from http//:fmssscience. com Molecular Genetics (2007). Wikipedia Foundation, Retrieved January 28, 2007 from http//:en. wikipedia. org/wiki/molecular_genetics

History of Politics in Iraq and Iran

History of Politics in Iraq and Iran Iran – Iraq Comparative Political Essay Modern History of Iraq â€Å"The country of Iraq, officially named the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert. Iraq shares borders with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, Jordan to the west, Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and Iran to the east. With a 35-mile coastline on the Persian Gulf and two major rivers -the Tigris and the Euphrates- Iraq contains agriculturally proficient land. Iraqs history is long and rich, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia, identified by some historians as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing. Throughout its long history, Iraq has served as the capital of the Babylonian empire, and as a province of the Mongol, Ottoman empires and, finally, the British empire which effectively birthed the modern Republic of Iraq. The British are largely credited with the creation of the modern state of Iraq, and had a vested interest in the region as soon as oil was discovered there. Indeed, as the British Petroleum Company (PLC) began production on the Iranian side of the gulf, the British became encouraged by indications that oil was also nearby in what was soon to be Iraq. The British, whose political and economic interests in the Persian Gulf and the Tigris-Euphrates region had progressively grown since the late 18th century, ultimately brought an end to the Ottoman presence in Iraq following the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. The treaty, which followed the British army’s march on Baghdad, led to the replacement of the Ottoman provincial government in occupied Iraq by the British. As a result, Turkey, the successor to the Ottoman Empire, effectively gave up all claims to its former Arab provinces including Iraq. Subsequently, Great Britain succeeded in merging the three provinces of Mosul, Baghdad, an d Al-Barah into one political entity, forging a new nation out of the heterogeneous religious and ethnic entities there. However, anti-imperialist sentiment and Iraqi nationalism grew over the next decade, which, coupled with British frustrations at home, caused Iraq to finally emerge as an independent political entity in 1932. On October 3, 1932, Iraq was admitted to the League of Nations as an independent state. (Metz, 1998) Decades later in 1976, as Saddam Hussein was officially handed power after forcing al-Bakr to step down, he became eager to take advantage of Irans weakened military and what he saw as revolutionary chaos across the border. Specifically, Saddam’s goal was to occupy Irans adjacent oil-rich province of Khuzestan while undermining Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shia majority of his country. (Algar, 2008) This led to the beginning of Saddam’s tyrannical rule. Shortly after his Ba’athist power grab, Saddam executed several top members of his party under claims of espionage in what would be a foreshadowing of his dominant, Machiavellian person al rule of Iraq for decades to come. Regime Transition in Iraq Ever since seizing power in 1979, Saddam Hussein presented himself as a secular modernizer, a social revolutionary who loosely followed the Egyptian model of Gamal Nasser, the second president of Egypt. To the alarm of Islamic fundamentalists (especially his Iranian counterparts) Hussein’s government conferred women with open freedoms, offering females high-level government and industry jobs. Saddam also created a Western-style legal system, making Iraq the only country in the Persian Gulf region that was not ruled according to Sharia law, even going as far as abolishing the Sharia courts within Iraq. His secularism, masked by a nominal commitment to Sunni Islam, allowed him to engage in bellicosity towards his Muslim neighbors without the encumbrance of religious commitment. This lack of religious loyalty was displayed in the summer of 1990, when Saddam led Iraq’s forces into the Muslim nation of Kuwait, a nation whose population itself is 70% Sunni (CIA, 2008). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was soon expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwaits liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to destroy all weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and long-range missiles while allowing open-ended UN verification inspections. Over the next 12 years after the US-led invasion of Iraq, Saddam Hussein continually encumbered the inspection process of the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Many on both sides of the partisan divide in the US took his obfuscation to be a clear sign of guilt, believing that Saddam had rebuilt, restored and advanced Iraq’s WMD arsenal over the decade since the first Gulf War. Hence, following the attacks of 9/11, which conferred the Bush Administration with the political ammunition to engage its Middle Eastern enemies, (Benedetto, 2001) the United States led a divided coalition into Iraq in March of 2003 against the wishes of the UN. The world now knows that the intelligence which sent the United States to war with the sovereign nation of Iraq was in the words of the official Presidential Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction ‘dead wrong.’(CNN, 2006) In one report, the intelligence warning read, ‘Intelligence indicates that the Iraqi military are able to deploy chemical or biological weapons within forty-five minutes of an order to do so.’ (The Independent, 2003) It is now known that this and other like intelligence was politicized and augmented, serving as the means to fulfill a seemingly necessary political end.9 The end, in the case of Iraq, was a full-scale US invasion in March of 2003 that led to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and was followed by mass chaos, violence and predation throughout the country. The use of force can be legal under international law if it is authorized by the United Nations Securit y Council (UNSC). Article 39 of the United Nation’s charter confirms that hard power may be used when the UNSC determines ‘the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression.’ However, Security Council Resolution 1441, passed in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, held that disarmament of Iraq should be done only through multilateral, international pressure via the work of United Nations inspectors, not by military force (Hartung Donnelley, 2003). Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov echoed the feelings of the United Nations when he insisted, ‘Iraq does not need democracy brought on the wings of Tomahawks [cruise missiles].’ (Weir, 2003) President Putin himself predicted that the U.S.-led war in Iraq threatened to destabilize the entire Middle East and spill into the territory of the former Soviet Union, asserting, ‘The war against Iraq is fraught with unpredictable consequences, including increased Muslim extremism.’ (IBID.) Unfortunately but undeniably, the prognostications of the Russian leaders turned out to be true, as the aftermath of the US invasion has appeared more Hobbesian than democratic. However, there have been politically salubrious (albeit evanescent) events in Iraq’s regime transition away from personal, authoritarian rule towards democracy. On January 30th, 2005 an estimated eight million people voted in elections for a Transitional National Assembly where the Shi’a United Iraqi Alliance won a majority of assembly seats with the Kurdish parties coming in second. The transition to a stable democracy did not immediately follow the historic elections however, as 114 people were killed by a massive car bomb in southern Baghdad less than a month later (the worst single incident since the US-led invasion.) as well as numerous other suicide bombings (AP, 2008). Later that year, voters approved a new constitution which aimed to create an Islamic federal democracy while also voting for the first full-term government and parliament since the US-led invasion. After years of violence and failure by the Iraqi government to secure political, social or ethnic stability, the Parliament passed legislation allowing former officials from SaddamAfter years of violence and failure by the Iraqi government to secure political, social or ethnic stability, the Parliament passed legislation allowing former officials from Saddam Iran Known as Persia until 1935, Iran (meaning ‘the land of the Aryans’) is a relatively large country enjoying a strategic position in the Persian Gulf. It is larger than Alaska and slightly smaller in size than France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom combined. Most of the terrain is a plateau consisting of mountains and desert, with a continental climate marked by scarce precipitation and extreme temperature differences between summer and winter. These factors have made much of the country inhospitable to agriculture and have resulted in a rather skewed demographic distribution. As in much of Asia, the maintenance and control of irrigation infrastructure have been politically important throughout the country’s history. The most important resources are petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits. Iran is the second largest oil exporter within OPEC and the fourth largest oil producer in the world. Its proven oil reserves (estimated to be over 94 billion barrels , or 10 percent of the world total) are concentrated along the southern coast (Persian Gulf) and in the Caspian Sea in the north, both of which are areas of geopolitical rivalry and instability. Iran also possesses 15 percent of the world’s proven natural gas reserves, which places it second in the world after Russia. Bordering eight different countries from Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and the Caucasus, it has ongoing territorial disputes with Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and neighbors in the Caspian basin. In 2003, Iran ranked 19 (out of 231 countries) in terms of its gross domestic product. Iran is a lower-middle-income country that has the world’s seventeenth largest population (over 67 million people). Close to 70 percent of the country’s population live in less than 30 percent of the land, concentrated in the north and northwest of the country and such major cities as Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj, Ahvaz, and Qom. Much of the country is rural and historically had an important nomadic pastoral component that came under state pressure to take up settled agriculture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The population is 89 percent Shiite Muslim, another 10 percent are Sunni Muslims, and the remainder (1 percent) are Christians, Baha’is, Jews, and Zoroastrians. Persian (or Farsi, as the Iranians refer to it) is the official and predominant language. There are more than a dozen different ethnic minorities in Iran, including Turkic-speaking Azeris in the north, Gilaki and Mazandaranis in the north, Kurds in the northw est (part of a transnational Kurdish zone that cuts across Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria and sustains an independence movement that all these states have tried to suppress), Balochis in the southeast, and Arabs along the southwest coast. In this patchwork of identities, it is important to note that the cleavages of ethnicity, language, and religion often cut across one another rather than overlap. Brief Political History Iran, a country with a history spanning over three millennia, has one of the richest artistic, literary, and scholarly lineages of the Middle East. This tradition is due to the accumulated contributions of Persia’s gifted craftsman, gnostic and hedonist poets, and learned men of philosophy, science, and religion. The country’s rather complex political culture and sense of self-identity is heavily influenced by (a) a pre-Islamic notion of Iranian identity centered on nationalism, (b) intellectual loans acquired in the course of encounter with Western modernity, and (c) attachment to the minority branch of Islam known as Shiism. Each of these currents has served as a breeding ground for the formation of different types of political sentiments ranging from anti-Arab Iranian nationalism to secular humanism and finally radical Shiism. The Shiite/Sunni split occurred soon after the advent of Islam, over the question of who was eligible to succeed Prophet Muhammad (d. 632) as the new caliph (loosely analogous to the Catholic papacy). Shiites (now some 15 percent of Muslims worldwide) believe that legitimate rulership of the entire Islamic community could descend only through the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad. They regard other early leaders, whom Sunnis revere, as usurpers. A resistance centered on the legitimate line of ‘imams’ lasted for several generations, until the last imam mysteriously disappeared in the year 874. Since then, Shiites have held on to a messianic belief that the ‘hidden imam’ will return at the end of time and restore a just order. Shiite political thinkers historically have held, based on these doctrines, that in the interim all secular authority is ultimately illegitimate. Compared to Sunni Islam, Shiism has thus remained more critical of monarchs and less fully reconciled with political order for its own sake. At best, the Shiite clergy extended a provisional legitimacy to rulers who let Islamic institutions flourish unmolested. The clergy itself came to stand in collectively for the hidden imam, in his absence. Over the centuries, they functioned as the conscience of the Shiite community and thus occupied a role similar to that of the Christian priesthood in premodern Europe, or the Confucian mandarins in premodern China. Certain distinct features of church-state relations bear noting, however. Compared to the Confucian mandarins, the Shiite clerics were far more hostile to power holders and enjoyed more independence. Their religious functions were separate from the state and usually unaffected by it. They also enjoyed a strong institutional base. They were self-organized, in informal hierarchies that rested only on the esteem in which religious scho lars held one another. They also had a secure income from the voluntary religious taxes paid by the believers as well as mosques and charitable endowments that were inviolable under Islamic law. Compared to the Christian priests, Shiite clerics often refused to make peace with secular authorities based on a dividing line between church and state. Islamic doctrine has held that religion and politics flow into one another, as aspects of a comprehensive Islamic society. Rulership by monarchs other than the hidden imam was always viewed, therefore, as an unnatural condition—even if inevitable for the time being. The Shiite clergy’s withdrawal from political life before modern times reflected a desire to be untainted by the prevailing injustice, not a sense that some spheres of life lay outside the scope of religion. Hence, the church-state relationship has always been problematic.† References (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://cis.uchicago.edu/sites/cis.uchicago.edu/files/resources/CIS-081206-iraqiran_SimilaritiesandDifferencesIraqIranAnswerKey.pdf (2015). Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap05_comp_govpol_iran_42251.pdf Indexmundi.com,. (2015). Iran vs. Iraq Country Comparison. Retrieved 3 May 2015, from http://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/iran.iraq

Examine the role of Alfieri in A view from the bridge. Comment on :: English Literature

Examine the role of Alfieri in A view from the bridge. Comment on his dramatic function in the play and his role as both character and commentator. This essay will explore the different roles that Alfieri takes on in 'A view from the bridge. I will comment on how he uses his role as both commentator and character to create dramatic tension in the play. A view from the bridge is a play set in the late 1940s and is based in the rural streets of Brooklyn harbour, New York. Eddie Carbone is an Italian longshoreman working on the New York docks and lives with his wife Beatrice and her niece Catherine. Eddie's wife accepts to refuge her cousins from Sicily as illegal immigrants until they could get their paperwork sorted. Catherine becomes attracted to one of the brothers and that's when the troubles start. Eddies becomes rapt in jealousy and wants to get rid of the two brothers in any possible way. Alfieri is a lawyer and is Eddie's friend as well. He tries to convince Eddie not to do something which he will regret later on and which will affect his life in the society. Eddie decides not to listen to Alfieri and goes on top break the Italian code. Alfieri is a lawyer who also lives in the same area as Eddie Carbone. In the play he takes on the role of a character as well as taking on the role of a narrator. One role he takes on in the play is the voice of the law. He brings this up in a conversation with Eddie where he says, "Eddie, I'm a lawyer†¦Can you prove that?" This clearly shows that Alfieri uses his knowledge to bring in the voice of the law into Eddie's situation. Due to him being a lawyer, he knows that if Eddie wants to take legal actions against Rodolfo, then he will need to get proof for the law to believe him. Due to him being a lawyer, he has got all the legal knowledge needed to deal with every day uses. As well as being the voice of the law, Alfieri is also an advisor to Eddie. He warns Eddie that he "won't have a friend in the world" if he carries on the way he is going. This shows that Alfieri knows that a tragedy is inevitable if Eddie doesn't stop. Therefore he uses his role as an advisor to advise Eddie to stop himself. In advising Eddie in doing so, Alfieri is trying to stop Eddie from doing what he knows

Characteristics of a Typical Western :: Film, Media, movies, Film Analysis

A typical Western would usually be set in the late 19th century in the mid-west of America in a remote town. The town is usually small, lonely and unwelcoming. Typically a western set looks like it is in the middle of a desert with sand, cacti and tumbleweed which gives a desert look, there are usually never any lakes or rivers around these features make the place look really hot and deserted. The buildings are generally timber board houses with swinging doors and outside the buildings are places to keep their horses, there is also always a General Store and a Saloon. Horses and carriages and cattle are used to give a western feel. The cowboys are typically dressed in western style clothing for example they wear simple shirts and jeans they may also wear ponchos, waist coats, hats, boots with spurs, guns and a belt to hold the gun and bullets, Hero's tend to wear lighter clothing and the villain’s tend to wear darker clothing. The storyline is normally about a hero who comes to a town to bring peace and drive the villains out. A hero is usually seen as a vigilante as he is not told to come to help but does anyway. The hero often appears as a quiet, secretive, mysterious person who may make the audience admire him one minute and dislike him the next, he is also a very smart, cunning and adaptable which are all good values in a hero. The villain is usually fixed to one idea he thinks it is a smart cunning person but in the end is always defeated. Many scenes are set around the Saloon (bar) and there is quite often a romance involved with the hero and a local girl, the villain competing for her affections! There are two different types of villains in typical westerns Native Americans and white villains (cowboys). Westerns are split down into sub genres for example classical westerns like "The Great Train Robbery" but there are also other western genres like revisionist westerns. Revisionist westerns occurred after the early 1960's, American film-makers began to change many traditional elements of Westerns. One major change was the increasingly positive representation of Native Americans who had been treated as "savages" in earlier films. Another example is Spaghetti westerns, Spaghetti westerns first came during the 1960's and 1970's, The changes were a new European, larger-than-life visual style, a harsher, more violent depiction of frontier life, choreographed gunfights and wide-screen close-ups.

Environmental Science Study Guide Essay

Environment- everything around us. Including nonliving things (air, water, and energy) Environmental science- an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment. Ecology- the biological science that studies how organisms or living things interact with one another. Ecosystem- A set of organisms within a defined area or volume that interact with one another and with their environment of nonliving matter and energy. Natural capital- the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other forms of life alive and support our human economies. Resource- anything that we can obtain the environment to meet our needs and wants. Perpetual resource- is a continuous supply of solar energy. Renewable resource- a resource that takes anywhere from several days to several hundred years to be replenished through natural processes. Sustainable yield- the highest rate at which we can use a renewable resource without reducing its available supply. Reuse- involves using a resource over and over in the same form. Recycling- involves collecting waste materials and processing them into new materials. Economic growth- is an increase in a nation’s output of goods and services. Gross domestic product (GDP) – the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all businesses, foreign and domestic, operating within a country. Economic development- an effort to use economic growth to improve living standards. More-developed countries- those with high average income and they include the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most European countries. Less-developed countries- (opposite of well-developed countries) Pollution- any presence within t he environment of a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat at a level that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms. Point sources- single, identifiable sources. Ex. Smokestack of a coal-burning power or industrial plant. Non-point sources- are dispersed and often difficult to identify. Ex. Pesticides & some trash. Pollution cleanup/output pollution control- Involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after we have produced them. Pollution prevention/pollution control- reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants. Ecological footprint- the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a particular country or area with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb and recycle wastes. Affluence- consuming large amounts of resources far beyond basic needs. Per capita ecological footprint- the average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area. Ecological tipping point- an irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system. Exponential growth- occurs when a quantity such as the human population increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time, such as 2% per year. Poverty- occurs when people are unable to fulfill their basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, and education. Environmental worldview- your set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what your role in the world should be. Environmental ethics- are beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment. Planetary management worldview- the view that we are separate from and in charge of nature. Stewardship worldview- holds that we can and should manage the earth for our benefit, but that we have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers or stewards of the earth. Environmentally sustainable society- one that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner. Natural income- living sustainability Social capital- making the shift to more sustainable societies and economies. Chapter 2 Science- a human effort to discover how the physical world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out experiments. Model- an approximate representation or simulation of a system. Peer Review- involves scientists openly publishing details of the methods and models they used. Scientific Law/law of nature- a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way. Unreliable science- (opposite of scientific law and reliable science) Tentative/frontier science- some of the scientific results are validated and reliable, and some are not. Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space. Atomic theory- the idea that all elements are made up of atoms. Neurons- no electrical charge Protons- positive electrical charge Electrons- negative electrical charge Nucleus- extremely small center of the atom, containing one or more protons/neurons. Atomic Number- equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. Mass number- the total number or neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Isotopes- the forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Molecule- a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces called chemical bounds. Ion- an atom or a group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative electrical charges. Acidity- a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment. pH- used as a measure of acidity Chemical formula- chemists use this to show the number of each type of atom or ion in a compound. Organic compounds- contains at least two carbon atoms combined with atoms of another element. Inorganic compounds- (opposite of organic compounds) Genes- certain sequences of nucleotides. Chromosome- a double helix DNA molecule wrapped around some proteins. Chapter 3 Abiotic- Nonliving Aerobic respiration- nutrient organic molecules such as glucose combine with oxygen to support carbon dioxide, water, & energy. Anaerobic respiration- form of cellular respiration in which some decomposers get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. Atmosphere- mass of air surrounding the earth. Autotrophs- (same as producer) Biogeochemical cycles- processes that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms (include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and hydrologic cycles) Biomass- organic matter produced by plants & other photosynthetic produces; total dry weight of all organisms. Biosphere- zone of the earth where life is found. Biotic- living organisms. Carbon cycle- cyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to the organ. Chemosynthesis- process in which certain organisms extract inorganic compounds from their environment and convert them into organic compounds without sunlight. Community- populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time. Consumers- organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by feeding on the tissue of others. Decomposers- organisms that digest parts of dead organisms. Ecology- biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Ecosystem- one or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with chemical & physical factors making up the environment. Fermentation- (same as anaerobic respiration) Food chain- series of organisms in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one. Food web- complex network of many inter-connected food chains and feeding relationships. Greenhouse gases- gases in the earth’s lower atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – rate at which ecosystems producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Herbivores- plant eating organisms. Heterotrophs- (same as consumer) Hydrologic (water cycles) – biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies, and disturbs the earth’s fixed supply of water. Hydrosphere- earth’s liquid water. Â  Natural greenhouse effect- natural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere, near the earth’s surface. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy. Nitrogen cycle- cyclic movement of nitrogen in different chemical forms. Nutrient cycles- the circulation of chemicals necessary for life. Omnivores- animal that can use both plant and other animals as food sources. Organisms- any form of life. Photosynthesis- complex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Phosphorous cycle- cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms. Population- group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Primary consumers- organism that feeds on some or all parts of plants. Producers- organism that uses solar energy/chemical energy to manufacture nutrients. Pyramid of energy flow- diagram representing the flow of energy through each level in a food chain/web. Secondary consumers- organism that feeds only on primary consumers. Stratosphere- 2nd layer of the atmosphere. Sulfur cycle- cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms. Tertiary consumers- animals that feed on animal-eating animals. Ex.shark, lion, bear. Trophic level- all organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy. Troposphere- Innermost layer of the atmosphere. Chapter 4 Adaptation- any genetically controlled structural, physiological or behavior characteristic that helps an organism to survive or reproduce. Adaptive trait- (same as adaptation) Background extinction- normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in environmental conditions. Biological diversity- variety of different species Biological evolution- change in the generic makeup of a population of species in successive generations. Differential reproduction- phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive generic traits produce more living offspring than those without trait. Ecological niche- total way of life of a species. Endemic species- species found only in one area likely to be extinct. Extinction- complete disappearance of a species. Â  Fossils- skeletons, bones, shells, body parts, leaves, seeds or impressions of such items that provide evidence of organisms. Foundation species- species that play a major role in shaping a community. Generalist species- species with abroad ecological niche. (Can live/adapt in many places) ex: humans Geographic isolation- separation of populations of a species into different areas for long periods of time. Indicator species- species whose decline serves as early warnings that community is being biodegraded. Keystone species- (foundation species) Mass extinction- widespread, global extinction over a short period of time. Mutations- random change in DNA molecules that can alter behavior/anatomy in offspring. Native species- species that live or thrive in a particular ecosystem. Natural selection- process in which a particular set of genes is produced in succeeding generations more than other genes. Niche- total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. Nonnative species- species that into migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately/accidently introduced into an ecosystem. Reproductive Isolation- long term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species. Specialist species-species with a narrow ecological niche. Speciation- formation of two species forms one species because of divergent natural selection in response to change in environmental conditions. Species- group of similar organisms. Species diversity- number of different species. Theory of evolution- widely accepted scientific idea that all life forms developed from earlier life forms. Chapter 5 Age structure- percentage of the population of each age level in a population. Carrying Capacity- maximum population of a particular species that a given habit can support over a given period. Coevolution- evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressure on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations. Commensalism- an interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any degree. Environmental resistance- all of the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of the population. Inertia- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a more serious disturbance. Interspecific competition- attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem. Limiting factor- single factor that limits the growth abundance or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem. Mutualism- type of species interaction in which both participating species generally benefit. Parasitism- interaction between species in which one organism preys on another organism. Persistence- (same as inertia) Population-group of individual’s organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Population crush- dieback of a population exceeded carrying capacity. Population density- # of organisms in a particular populations found in a specified area/volume. Predation- when an organism feeds on another. Predator- prey relationship: relationship predator VS. Prey. Primary ecological succession- ecological succession in an area without soil or bottom sediments. Range of tolerance- range of chemical & physical conditions that must be maintained. Resilience- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a severe disturbance. Resource partitioning- process of diving up resources. Secondary ecological succession- succession in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil hasn’t. Chapter 6 Cultural carrying capacity- the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort. Crude birth rate- the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude Death rate- the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in given year. Fertility rate- the number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Replacement-level fertility rare- is the average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves. Total fertility rate- the average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years. Life expectancy- the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live. Infant mortality rate- the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday. Demographic transition- when countries become industrialized and economically developed, death rates and birth rates decline. Family planning- provides educational and clinical services that help couples chose how many children to have and when to have them.

Egamova transfigered night

The time of first World War, a young enthusiastic man enlists as a volunteer gunner in the artillery as he has reached an impasse and sees war as a remedy. In a bar he comes across his fellow soldier, a surgeon lieutenant for whom war is an impasse, as he is trying to avoid sober realization of detrimental consequences of his civic duty by getting drunk. A lot of problems can be observed in the passage, but the most evident and tricking one is the irretrievable effect the brutality and gore of the war produces on human psychic, which comes as a quite contradictory fact since the narrator presumes that the war saved his life.To provide a profound feeling of that horrible days routine life the author inflates his text with parallel constructions, simple sentences and abundant use of lexical units representing negative connotation; these are (morbid despair, impasse, ferocious concentration, detest, etc. ) so it becomes clear that a war is by no means a remedy which the narrator was so desperately trying to find.What is more, when analyzing George's discourse a reader realizes the ambiguous nature of a war as his character is quite dual – despite all the redundancy of negative description of his appearance (ill-looking, ugly, fairly drunk, hunched over) and the absolute hopelessness in his talk (l want to go somewhere cold and dark, God preserve me from sanity) George still possessed of sinners energy which indicates to the fact that he has something background to fight or and that gives him this very kind of energy to overcome all the harsher, brutality and intoxication of that odious war.In the light of all this, any reader must not be influenced only by the superficial sense of the text, but go deeper to reveal the genuine authors message, inasmuch as any war is not merely a succession of human dying but also a glorious ground of evoking patriotism and marvelous bases for tear-jerking love stories.

Report on an engineering hero Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on an engineering hero - Assignment Example An instance of his psychic power was that he experienced almost three shocks of revelations and later he went to find his wife where he found that the nurse of his wife experienced intoxication and his wife was found in a scared state (Pebblesspiritualcave.com, 2014). While he was associated with the field of spiritualism he made several contributions which are upheld and studied during present times. During the period of 1869 he proved that hearing spiritual voices was not a result of an individual’s imagination and they actually occur. To prove this he stated that he experienced three raps and later he received a letter from D.D. Home which stated that the sender of the letter was informed by the spirits that Varley had experienced three raps and thus he concluded that spirits do exist (Andriopoulos, 2005). Later on he went to prove the phenomenon of life after death. To prove his phenomenon he conducted a study in New York which was based on voices that were created by people who were already dead. He hypothesized that these voices were not created due to electricity or even magnetism and he concluded that after death, an individual’s spirits still exist but in a different world and they communicate with the humans on earth. Even though Varley continued to promote his findings in the field of spiritualism but he faced severe criticism. He was not only connected with the field of spiritualism, he even made ample amount of advancement in the field of communication. He started off by joining a new startup company named Electric Telegraphy during the period of 1846 and within a span of only 6 years he managed to occupy the position of chief engineer and by the end of 1861 he was running the entire company. During his stay with the telegraph company he identified several ways to find out issues with devices in order to enhance the performance of

Health and Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health and Social Care - Essay Example Stroke is generally caused by irregular lifestyle involving physiologically affecting habits like smoking, drinking, and too much fat in diet. Other causes of a stroke include excessive exercise, shock or stress. Hypertension is the phenomenon of increased blood pressure in the arteries, which in turn increases tension in respective organs and can have very drastic impact on the brain. Many cases of blood vessel damage result from hypertension, some of which happen in the brain causing a stroke. Common causes of hypertension are blockages in blood vessels, excessive fat intake, high cholesterol, stress, lifestyle, medication, unregulated food habits, and excessive exercise. People suffer in from hypertension experience short breaths, organ swelling, fluid accumulation, and muscle dystrophy. Such patients are prone to heart attacks and need to be kept under regular medication till the condition subsides. Treatment for both the physiological disorders involves the use of anti-coagulants to increase blood flow. Physiological changes observed during treatment include reduction (normalization) in blood pressure, smoother flow of blood in the brain, greater healing in blocked areas. However, serious cases of blockage cannot be treated through medication and may require surgical removal of the blockage. When treatment is applied on a patient suffering from hypertension, he experiences calming of senses, lighter body weight, reduced giddiness and exhibits clear speech. When administered the right treatment, a patient suffering from a stroke regains consciousness, shows reduced eye dilation, clear speech, ability to move limbs, ability to walk steadily and normal skin and lip color. Patients suffering from stroke tend to show signs like slurring of speech, tongue moving to one end of the mouth, partial paralysis, asphyxiation,