Julius Caesar Group Project

Julius Caesar Group Project Analyzing Diction on Marc Antonys run-in 1. Overall I would classify Marc Antonys dialect as more often than not monosyllabic as a whole in length. This took a such(prenominal) longer time to decide than it did of Brutus speech, this could be that Antony is a smarter and nobler person or that its fair how Julius Caesar constructed the speech to persuade the crowd. One of the lines that demonstrate a commodious use of one syllable would be My heart is in the jewel casket there with Caesar and I must pause till it come patronise to me (Shakespeare, Lines 108-109).This is just one of the many lines that uses a lot of one syllable address just in the shoemakers last the speech was mainly one syllable in length. 2. Antonys speech uses a very well use of both techniques of persuading and informing. I felt that there was more use of persuading in his speech than informing but thats alone because they love Antony at the end of the speech. An example o f informing from Antony is, I come to bury Caesar not measure him (Shakespeare, Line 2) Here he is just telling the audience and conspirators that he is just trying to ordain a simple Funeral.Antony is clever with his haggle by bluntly saying things and permitting the audiences sound judgement go off and olfaction that things are correct. Its not just the Audience that persuades themselves he says, Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? (Shakespeare, Line 92). self-aggrandising examples and then asking questions to play with their minds was a very successful simulated military operation of Antonys. 3. I felt that Antonys diction was very formal in his speech un desire Brutus the crowd does not respond in his speech.Antony uses dismiss word choice, which makes him expect more innate(predicate) to the not so intelligent clump of Romans. An excellent example of his formal diction would be, So let it be with Caesar. The Noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious if it wer e so, it was a grievous fault, and grievously hath Caesar dressd it (Shakespeare, lines 79-82) the words such as grievous and ambitious charge formal diction. Diction like Antonys overrides Brutus speech with repititon which makes their mind believe that WOWThis really is impressive and hes right although he does fall short with not letting the audience get in some action of their own opinion. 4. Antony is very intelligent and really gets people in his speech in Act 3 Scene 2 by using denotative examples and not what if and in general meanings. He not only gives specific examples on how things should be but also on how things shouldnt be which is genius like of Antony to portray pros and cons. Lines 90 and 91 re perfect examples of specifics he tells us, He hath brought many captives home to Tome whose ransoms did the general coffers fill. (Shakespeare, Line 90-91) Antony uses endless examples but this one stuck out to me most. 5. Going back to specifics, my feelings have not c hanged, Antony is foul with specifics that make his speech concrete. An new(prenominal) one of his detailed specific would be from line 93 where he states, When the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept (Shakespeare, Line 93).Not only is this fact dead one but also it involves pathos and makes Caesar look even better 6. One of Antonys tactics also for his great speech was the euphonious tone/ word choice he used. typically when you use a nice/pleasant tone with people, they will give you what you want. One of the more highlighting parts of the euphonious words was in line 89 where he declares, And Brutus is an honourable man. . Even though Antony disagreed very highly of Brutus and the conspirators he still followed the rule Brutus gave him and used very thankful words with the crowd. . According to Marc Antonys diction I do feel that he does achieve his overall purpose for the crowd to like him, awarding Caesar, and strongly hate Brutus and the conspirators. He succeeds this overal l purpose by being clever and tricky with his words by speaking against Brutus he locomote short by not using as much emotion. The great part of his speech was most definitely greater than any other part of his speech.

Panic Attack Outline Essay

I. IntroductionA. affright Attacks are a form of anxiety characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense precaution accompanied by animal(prenominal) symptoms. B. Panic Attack illness affects about(predicate) 6 million Ameri basin adults and is twice as common in women as men. (Huppert) C. Panic Attacks oftentimes cause in late adolescence or early maturity date, but non every ane who lasts fear barrages will break fear disorder.II. Thesis StatementA. Panic Attacks bottomland occur at any time, even while sleeping. B. I would wish to discuss this disabling condition and how most people go undiagnosed and untreated. (Ebell)III. BodyA. many another(prenominal) people have just one or two dismay attack attacks in their lifetimes, and the problem goes away, perhaps when a stressful situation ends.1. But if youve had recurrent, unexpected dismay attacks and spent coarse periods in constant fear of another attack, you may have a condition called constern ation disorder. 2. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia, in which people experience seemingly out-of-the-blue panic attacks. a. Sometimes they develop a fear of qualifying into places where they have had previous panic attacks. About one in trinity people with panic disorder develops agoraphobia. b. They stick to places they consider safe, and avoid earthly c one timern places (such as malls, trains, and stadiums) where escape may be difficult. c. Some people develop a fixed route or territory, and it may become insufferable for them to travel beyond their safety zones without suffering severe anxiety. (A.P.A.) B. Panic attacks were once dismissed as nerves or stress, but theyre at present realized as a real medical condition. 1. Although digest significantly affect your quality of life, treatment can be very effective.2. A person with panic disorder may become discouraged and tactile sensation ashamed because he or she cannot carry out normal routines like going to the grocery st ore or driving. Having panic disorder can also interfere with school or work.C. Panic attacks typically begin suddenly, without warning.1. They can strike at almost any time when youre driving the car, at the mall, sound asleep or in the shopping mall of a business meeting.2. Panic attacks have many variations, but symptoms commonly peak within 10 minutes. You may look fatigued and haggard out after a panic attack subsides. a. Panic attacks typically include a few or many of these symptoms Sense of imminent doom or danger, fear of loss of control or death, quick heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, chills, hot flashes, nausea, abdominal cramping, chest pain, headache, dizziness, faintness, tightness in your throat, and trouble swallowing. b. One of the worst things about panic attacks is the intense fear that youll have another one. You may fear having a panic attack so much that you avoid situations where they may occur. You may even feel unab le to leave your home (agoraphobia) because no place feels safe. (Iacoviello)IV. When to see a doctor.A. If you have any panic attack symptoms, seek medical stand by as soon as possible.1. Panic attacks are hard to administer on your own, and they may get worse without treatment.2. And because panic attack symptoms can also resemble other serious wellness problems, such as a heart attack, its important to get evaluated by your health care provider if you arent sure whats causing your symptoms. B. too soon treatment can often sustain agoraphobia, but people with panic disorder may sometimes go from doctor to doctor for historic period and visit the emergency room repeatedly before someone properly diagnoses their condition. 1. This is unfortunate, because panic disorder is one of the most treatable of all the anxiety disorders, responding in most cases to certain kinds of medication or certain kinds of cognitive psychotherapy, which wait on change thinking patterns that lead to fear and anxiety. (Ebell) 2. First, blabber to your doctor about your symptoms. Your doctor should do an exam to make sure that another somatogenetic problem isnt causing the symptoms. The doctor may refer you to a mental health specialist. V. CausesA. Its not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role 1. Genetics.2. major stress.3. Temperament that is more susceptible to stress.4. Certain changes in the way separate of your brain function.B. Some research suggests that your bodys natural fight-or-flight solution to danger is involved in panic attacks. 1. For example, if a grizzly expresscame after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would further up as your body prepared itself for a life-threatening situation. 2. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But its not known why a panic attack occurs when theres no obvious danger present.VI. Risk FactorsA. Symptoms of panic disorder ofte n start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. B. Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include1. Family history of panic attacks or panic disorder.2. Significant stress.3. Death or serious illness of a loved one.4. Major changes in your life, such as the addition of a baby. 5. History of childhood forcible or sexual abuse.6. Experiencing a traumatic event, such as an accident or sexual assault. (A.P.A) VII. Treatment.A. Psychotherapy, also called talk or behavior therapy, is considered an effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. 1. Psychotherapy can alleviate you understand panic attacks and panic disorder and learn how to cope with them. 2. Cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn through your own experience that panic symptoms are not dangerous. a. During therapy sessions, your therapist will help you gradually re-create the symptoms of a panic attack in a safe, support ive setting. b. Once the physical sensations of panic no longer seem threatening, the attacks begin to resolve. c. Successful treatment can also help you overcome fears of situations that youve been avoiding because of panic attacks. B. Medications (US DH&HS)1. Medications can help abridge symptoms associated with panic attacks as well as depression if thats an complete for you. Several types of medication have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of panic attacks, including a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).b. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).c.Benzodiazepines.VIII. Prevention.A. on that points no sure way to prevent panic attacks or panic disorder. However, these recommendations may help. B. Get treatment for panic attacks as soon as possible to help stop them from getting worse or becoming more frequent. C. Stick with your treatment plan to help prevent relapses or worsening of panic attack symptoms. D. Get regular physical a ctivity, which may play a role in protecting against anxiety.IX. In ConclusionA. Panic Attacks are very real and can pass on to anyone at any given time. B. Be aware of yourself and everyone around you never know when a panic attack can occur. Any Questions?BibliographyAmerican Psychiatric Association (2009). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. on tap(predicate) online http//psychiatryonline.org/guidelines.aspx. Ebell MH. Diagnosis of anxiety disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Aug 1578(4)501-2. Huppert JC, et al. (2009). Anxiety disorders Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In BJ Sadock et al., eds., Kaplan and Sadocks Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed., vol. 1, pp. 19151926. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Iacoviello BM, Mathew SJ (2010). Anxiety disorder. In EG Nabel, ed., ACP Medicine, segmentation 13, chap. 1. Hamilton, ON BC Decker. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008). 2008 forcible Activity Guidelines for Americans (ODPHP Publication No. U0036). Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. Website http//www.health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/default.aspx.

ALDI & Australia

The sell labor in Australia is considered as wiz of pillars of its economy. The industry has emendd immensely as the players in the market gather in increase and the variety of commodities has expanded immensely. At present, the industry is populated by companies that lop from multinationals to small and medium scale. Among the players, ALDI Australia is considered as a major player in the industry. The firm has expanded from a single foreign branch to a major sell chain. It operates in the main markets of Australia and in an another(prenominal)(prenominal) regions crosswise the country.ALDI was taken from the original name of the company which was Albrecht Discount. Before expanding to Australia, ALDI established its charge in Germany Gradually, the company operations stretched to other locations across the world. ALDI is regarded as peerless(a) of the biggest supermarket chain worldwide. In Australia, ALDI has approximately 160 retail chains. This number is judge to gr ow as ALDI continues to be aggressive in the industry. Despite dependable competition, ALDI Australia has managed to establish its own identity and has already controlled a significant pile of the market.It is imperative to study the current situation at bottom ALDI Australia. The outside milieu of the company is another main(prenominal) brass to investigate. The succeeding discussion go away focus on the competency of ALDI to dominate the market. This requires evaluation of the capacity of ALDI and the outer aspects that can happen upon its performance. The strategies used by ALDI lay down been working so far. But there ar thus far rooms for improvements that needful to be manifested. II. The External Environment porters beer (1979) introduced the concept of five forces that seeks to analyse the competition in an industry.This serves as an effective tool used in creating a picture of the retail industry. Based on the model, there ar tetrad forces that exhaust t o be assessed to determine the condition of the fifth force (McGahan, 2004). These interact with other to determine the overall condition of the market. The five forces model is lively especially to retail firms. The level of competition in the industry is mettlesome. thusly it is imperative for ALDI Australia to appraise the situation of the industry. The threat of new entrants shows the possible repercussions of the openness of the industry which is high in the industry.The current condition of the industry united by the continuous increase in want justifies the viability of the industry as an investment hub for new entrants. New entrants, however, admit to consider the barriers that can affect their success. Australia is a major market and houses consumers with high buying king. This means that the prospect for retail merchants to operate is high. In addition, demand for consumer products has quelled high. The emergence and threat of substitutes shows the disordered te ndency, further suddenly emerging alternative retail firms.The conventional form of retail includes the shops and stores located in strategic beas. With the advent of technology, several forms of retailing have flourished. Online retailing has become a threat because most consumers have support the online retailing scheme instead of the traditional shopping. The bargaining power of the consumers determines the capacity of the consumers to purchase the goods and expense sensitivity. It has to be noted that most products in ALDI are demand inelastic and the income per capita in Australia is iodin of the highest in the world.This means that price changes entrust have gradual effect to the buying decision of the consumers. Moreover, the buying capacity of Australian households can take on their needs and have devoid for luxuries. Buyer preference is also another major consideration. Consumers in Australia are dynamic and susceptible to changes. It is important to weigh company g oals with consumer requirements. The bargaining power of the suppliers which is high tolerates the capabilities of the supplier to meet the demand of the industry. Basically, the agricultural industry of Australia is of tint as evidenced by the fresh nutriment sold in retail stores.In addition, raw material is cheaper making retail products highly cheap for consumers. Australia is also highly accessible some Asian countries. The possibility of importation products is given and savings gained from such(prenominal) schema are high. ALDI has all the resources to satisfy the demands of the consumers and sustain changes. These factors sum up the rivalry among competitors, which intensify in the industry. The retail industry is highly competitive and can potentially allow investors to succeed. It is diaphanous that ALDI allow for continually face threats both industry based and substitutes.ALDI Australia is in an environment where it can take advantage of the opportunities. Intens e competition leads to theatrical role retailed fare and eventually benefits for the customers. III. Internal Aspects Deming (1986) mentioned the need to attain fibre results in all the affect of production. The technical process pertains to the emphasis of bore in the different stages of operations. The rationale john this outline is that the continuous inclusion of fall in in the process pull up stakes result to highly competitive and brag products.The social process is provided by Juran (1974) in the assumptions of TQM. The social process includes the prep of suitable tools to boost the tendency of workers to prioritise tone. ALDI Australia has to evaluate its capacity within to achieve sustainable success. One significant observation that can be made is that the company has wide range of quality food sources. This is in references to the responsible food sourcing that the company adopts. At present, ALDI boosts up to 700 different grocery store products. The suppli es of the company are considered as one of its valuable resources.Because of its outstanding food production materials, the quality of the finished products has improved. Boosting the food with the finest inputs allow the company to efficaciously satisfy the needs of the consumers. The quality sources also make the company much cost-effective. Another important resource of the company is its identity. This is established through the tick off name of ALDI. The brand has the gained the distinction of being the most trusted retailer in Australia. Over the years, the brand name has been embraced in different areas of the world.The credibleness of the company is one of its intangible resources that deserved to be recognised. It is known as one of best stores in finding cheap commodities. ALDI Australia greatly depends on its employees for positive results. Indeed, the performance of the workers go away influence the success of the firm. ALDI Australia boasts a manpower loaded with competency and talent. The hiring dust of the company ensures that the best are selected at the end of the process. The company provides comprehensive training programs to infinitely equip the employees with the skills needed in the industry.At present ALDI have over 2,000 employees across Australia. This manpower is one of the most valuable components of the retail store. It addresses the needs of the consumers and provides top-notch service. The stores are regarded as one of the finest. The stores of ALDI Australia are uniquely designed suit the shopping preference of its customers. either ALDI stores have similar sizes and designs. Unlike conventional retail shops, the stores of the company provide an aesthetic environment for buyers. The company emphasises of proper location which makes the stores effective.The success of the stores is assign on the ability of the firm to match substance and form. It is important to inculcate in the minds of the consumers that more than qua lity food, buying at ALDI Australia stores is a grand experience. The franchises that the company has established worldwide has helped the company is establishing global market presence. The supermarkets meet ALDI overseas and such resource has provided huge dividends. Several investors in other countries have noticed the increased attention given to the food products of ALDI. This will translate to better opportunities for the supermarket in the future.IV. Company Strategies Strategies of firms are considered to lean towards the strategic scope focusing on the demand, and the strategic strength concentrating on the supply. Porter (1980) further simplified the regularity by reducing the strategy to trinity dimensions that include cost leading, differentiation, and segmentation. These aspects will be used to analyse the strategy of ALDI Australia in its objective to remain at the forefront of the competition. ALDI values the viscidity of its products. Low-cost goods available a t ALDI stores entice most of its consumers and prospects.The cost leadership strategy values efficiency. ALDI has been providing several programs to improve its efficiency. Specific strategies involve the creation of distribution centres. Transportation expenses were reduced because of accessible distribution points. The logistic system has been improved to reduce non-performing components of the distribution process. The differentiation strategy of the company is appoint to the research and development team. ALDI have been working with suppliers. This is the initial process that will eventually lead to better products and innovative solutions.Workforce efficiency is a major issue that the company includes in its strategies. Incentives are also provided to workers based on the quantity and quality of work. The performance of the firm is highly dependent on the manner in which customer service and operational activities are manifested by the employees. The contribution provided by the personnel along with the top-notch products sum up the fling of ALDI Australia to its customers. Porter (1985) identified primary activities and support activities in the process of value-adding. ALDI Australia has been employ in maximising value and minimising cost.The company has provided top-notch inbound logistics with its equipments and machines transferring the raw materials without disconfirming the freshness. The handling of the food from the farmlands to the impact site is meticulously managed. Moreover, the manner in which the food are packed and processed follows quality procedures. In the processing part, ALDI Australia has devoted all necessary resources to maintain the high value of food taken from the finest farms in Australia. ALDI retails stores are designed to ensure the high quality of its products.After the products have been placed in distributions centres, the sales and marketing team will work (Bonn, 2007). Aside from the television and print advertisem ents, the company has relied on the mesh to introduce ALDI Australia in the market. In addition, the stores of ALDI Australia are highly accessible ensuring that shoppers will experience no problems while purchasing food. The customer service enterprise of the company is highly recognised since service is extended after the purchases are completed. The company has been using storage devices that emphasise on the freshness of the products.Products that have long shelf lives are safely stored in areas free from causation damage. The transportation arteries from the company to the distribution sites are improved and results to fast travel. be is reduced through efficient storage devises and the consumption for energy is fall using better delivery systems. The company strictly follows a low price philosophy. In most convenient stores, products are usually priced with high mark-ups. The strategy of ALDI is to sell in high quantity at lower berth prices. ALDI has created an efficien t checkout system (Bonn, 2007).This is implemented to prevent customers from spending epoch queuing when making give birthments. Aside from the checkouts, ALDI Australia has a systematised product display. Customer can slow identify the location of the goods needed without hassles. Although company savings are important for ALDI, the retail store understands that customers also need to be provided with ample savings in all forms. ALDI Australia sells a wide variety of products. Some stores are limited, but ALDI caters to the needs of its customers. As stated earlier, ALDI sells at least 700 kinds of products in its stores.These products range from highly perishable to preserved products (Bonn, 2007). Aside from food, ALDI also sells other merchandises used for general purposes. The firm has been using a stringent quality control process. ALDI personnel ensure that damaged products are segregated from the inviolate goods. The inventory system of ALDI also assures that the fresh s tocks are provided to the consumers. Expansion is one of the goals of the company. ALDI targets its store count to be in the 200 level by 2008. This means that ALDI Australia will be established in other areas where demand is high.At present the store count of ALDI Australia is at 165 shops. Although the target still huge, it is highly realisable considering the capacity of the company. ALDI Australia remains committed to serve its customers and make the stores close at hand(predicate) to households. V. Strategy Analysis In the retail industry, the success of strategies can be measured through operational decisions and marketing decisions (Bonn, 2007). Both are strengths of the ALDI Australia and remain as the fundamental driver of success. Because of its selling philosophy, the most logical method of market segmentation is by income.The social structure of households in Australia is part of the middle to upper levels. Aside from this group, ALDI Australia can control the lower su pport in the society. These groups are the consumers with the lowest income. The cheap products offered by ALDI Australia fits their budget. In theory, pose refers to the perceptions developed in the minds of the target market. It entails the creation of image of the brand and the spotless organisation (Trout and Rivkin, 1996). Positioning is purely procedural and relies on the completion of stages in the lead making further improvements.Consumer preference is the most important aspect in this process. In addition, ALDI has to target the specific needs before making its position. It is seeming(a) that ALDI has established a niche in the industry. From this position, ALDI can become a strong player in the market. Combining the different aspects associated to marketing is vital to the company. The development of marketing mix entails strategies that are design to ensure congruity in the quality of performance (Culliton, 1948). Price and product quality are the two main component s of the mix. Low price is insufficient to attract the consumers.Combining such aspect with high product quality creates better chances of succeeding. Strategic care is one of the staple initiatives being implemented by ALDI. Mintzberg (1989) observed that strategy is linked to plans and the behaviour patterns within organisations. The technical process of realising strategic commission is divided into two areas. The first phase regard planning as course for intended strategy and the patterned actions are the realised strategies. The process of strategic planning has allowed ALDI to meticulously evaluate their positions in different markets.In addition, strategies of ALDI have remained generic. But ALDI has realised the need to make the strategies flexible to satisfy respective(a) needs of consumers. Lewin (1983) stated that corporate social responsibility highlights the duty of the organisations to their stakeholders. preferably on focusing on corporate activities, firms have d ecided to shorten endeavours with perceived social relevance. This has been one of the weak spots that ALDI needs to improve. Although fiscal gains from the process are low, ALDI can further improve its reputation. In the retail industry, perception is an important influence to buyers.Firms that tend to provide aid to familiarity activities are being supported by consumers through purchases. Benchmarking is another aspect that has to be developed by ALDI Australia. McNair and Leibfried (1992) contends that benchmarking is designed to leave the past behind and embrace the future. The benchmarking process has many defining aspects. It has to be purposeful, externally focused, measuring rod based, information intensive, objective, and action generating. All practices performed according to the needs of the firm. VI. Recommendations ALDI Australia is successful because of the pay less strategies and sound focusing fundamentals.The company needs to sustain its strengths and belatedl y eliminate the weaknesses. A foreign venture appears to be logical because the interior(prenominal) market is starting to become overpopulated. The firm has to boost is project call back and continue the dedication to provide the best infrastructures and workforce. Combining these components with effective management and good strategies will ensure the robust growth being enjoyed by ALDI Australia. Expenses for advertisements cover most of the budget allocated for marketing. ALDI Australia has to provide inputs on matters that will improve the advertisements.The firm also needs to provide funds for the airing of the advertisements on televisions and even radios. Advertisements done using newspapers and other prints need to reflect the centre of attention of Marks and Spencer food products. The advertisements in the websites need to be easily viewed and accessed (Drummond and Ensor, 2001). These initiatives have to be combined with traditional processes. It is also important for ALDI Australia to maintain respite between price and quality. There are criticisms made by competitors that ALDIs initiative to sell goods in low prices is driven by the sub-par quality of goods.Ensuring that prices remain competitive is a must for ALDI. But the company has to continuously address the need to keep product quality high. Through this strategy, ALDI will go on and improve its performance. References ALDI Australia. (2007). Company Philosophy. witness extracted 9 November 2007, from ALDI International. (2007). Date extracted 9 November 2007, from http//www. aldi. com/ Bonn, I. (2007). ALDI in Australia, in Strategic Management An Integrated Approach. Hill, by Hil, C. W. and Jones, G. Spring, IA Houghton Mifflin College.Coriolis Research. (2000). ALDI in Australia Whaty will be the Impact? Auckland Coriolis Research Limited. Culliton, J. (1948). The Management of marketing Cost. Boston Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration. Deming, W. Edward s. (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge MIT Centre for travel Engineering. Drummond, G and Ensor, J. (2001). Strategic Marketing Planning and take. London Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Juran, Joseph. (1974). The Quality Control Handbook 3rd Edition. New York McGraw Hill. Lewin, T. (1983). The New York Times.Business Ethics New Appeal. McGahan, A. (2004). How Industries Evolve Principles of Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Boston Harvard Business School Press. McNair and Leibfried. (1992). Benchmarking A Tool for Continuous Improvement. Oliver Wright Publications. Mintzberg, Henry. (1989). Mintzberg on Management. London cede Press. Porter, M. (1980). Competitive return Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York Free Press. Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York Free Press.

People Only See What They Are Prepared to See Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, People wholly see what they are prepared to see. A statement so veridical, that the flock to whom it implies are any not capable of understanding it or simply cannot pay it. In fact, roughly of humanity can read the undeniably prodigious ac agniseledgment ad infinitum, without comprehending the profound meaning behind it.There are quartet types of individualities, each reacting to the quote in a different manner. And how individuals react to it, determines their full general responses to the situations which life brings upon them.Innocent minds are unable to adequately understand the consequence of the quote. Because of their naivety, they are neither able to respond intelligibly to the quote, nor to most situations in life. They are gullible and non-opinionative, thus, yet seeing what others want them to see. The majority of hatful so caracterised are infants and young children. They fail to look at things from diverse perspectives because they arrive at not yet had enough experience in life. For instance, if you sing of war with a child, he or she result not know how to respond. The mind of the person is too young for knowing what to do when verbalize to about political conflicts, patriotisms, warfare, death and other serious matters. In most situations, their innocent, unsophisticated minds, simply cannot understand the difference between wrong and refine until they develop into more sophisticated beings.Ignorant people avoid view about anything which does not concern them personally. These people apparently have the magnate to see, but because of their personality, are unable to. Until they start caring, they will not be able to see things which demand care, because they are not yet ready. umpteen a(prenominal) adolescents and unsuccessful people would fall into this category. And why I stereotype many unsuccessful people is due to the fact that they are ignorant to fostering and in time, fail to succeed in life. Education is the knowledge of life, and if avoided, results in failure at it. If again, you mention war to an ignorant being, he or she will dismiss the subject forward it could reach the brains thinking process. These personalities could never go below the surface of the topic.Stubbornness is correspondent to ignorance, but not quite the same. The stubborn will not quiver to dive into the ocean, but will never reach the bottom so they can examine it in depth. These people will hear a topic they will think about the topic but before looking at it from another viewpoint, their stubbornness will compel them to bring a prejudice opinion. These would be the people who, when spoken to of war, will sprout a stand on one side before examining the other. For example, if the States is warring with Iraq, many stubborn Americans will support their leader no matter how immoral his actions may be. Same would imply to the stubborn Iraqis, who will deny the fact that their leader w as corrupt without visualizing him from his victims perspective. Because they are the citizens of their country, they will pardon its faults and never question their governments actions, thus, diving into the situation, but only going half way down, because that is what they are prepared to see, therefore, that is what they see.The realists see everything and accept it as it is. They have the power to make unbiased decisions and opinions. These are the people who will stand up for what they believe in. They are logical and open-minded. A realist would dive into the ocean, go to the bottom, take time to look at everything in depth, then, and only then, will form an opinion backed by a lot reasoning. Realists can see everything. Their minds have no road blocks blocking data from entering and processing through their brains. A realist will look at Emersons quote and completely comprehend its meaning.To what depth you understand this canvas will determine how ready your mind is to a ccept the facts stated in it. Literally, you will see everything on these pages. However, mentally, your mind will comprehend only the details herein, for which it is prepared to accept. If you have read this far, you certainly are not ignorant you have already gone below the surface of the quote. If you have understood and accepted everything, congratulations, you are in fact, a realist If not, time may be the remedy to your innocence or stubbornness.

Assimilation and Accommodation Essay

Assimilation and Accommodation jean Piaget viewed cerebral growth as a process of adaptation ( version) to the world. This happens through * Assimilation, which is employ an existing come forwardline to big money with a reinvigorated object or situation. * Accommodation this happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation. * Equilibration occurs when a childs schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. However, a state of disequilibrium occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas (assimilation) . Equilibration is the force which drives the nurture process as we do not like to be frustrated and will seek to restore balance by mastering the new challenge. (accommodation). Once the new information is acquired the process of assimilation with the new schema will continue until the next time we need to make an adjustment to it.ExampleA 2 year old child sees a m an who is bald on top of his head and has long terse hair on the sides. The child will assimilate the man as a jackass. This is assimilation. And when the father explain to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clowns, he wasnt wearing funny costume and wasnt doing social function to make people laugh. This is accommodation. And with this new knowledge, the boy is able to change his schema of clown and make this idea fit better to a quantity concept of clown. According to Piaget, teaching can support these development processes by stages of Development. A childs cognitive development is about a child developing or constructing a mental model of the world. Jean Piaget was interested both in how children learnt and in how they thought. Piaget studied children from infancy to adolescence, and carried out many of his own investigations using his three children. He used the interest research methods Naturalistic observation Piaget made detaile d observations of children, and from these he wrote daybook descriptions charting their development. He also made Clinical interviews and observations of older children who were able to watch questions and hold conversations. Piaget believed that children think differently than adults and stated they go through 4 universal stages of cognitive development.* Sensorio-motora desde el nacimiento hasta los 2 aos aproximadamente. En esta etapa se caracteriza al nio como extremadamente egocntrico, donde no comprende el mundo de otra forma que no sea su propio punto de vista. El desarrollo principal en esta etapa es el entendimiento de que los objetos existen independientemente de su relacin con el objeto (permanencia del objeto), es decir que el nio es capaz de mantener una imagen mental de una persona u objeto a pesar de no estar presente o visible. En esta etapa los bebs aprenden principalmente a travs del ensayo y error. El objetivo de Piaget era investigar a qu edad los nios adquiran esta permanencia del objeto. El mtodo que uso fue esconder un juguete debajo de una sbana y ver si el nio buscaba el objeto escondido. Esta bsqueda del objeto era una prueba de la permanencia del objeto. Piaget supuso que el nio solo poda buscar el objeto escondido si tiene una representacin mental de l.* Etapa Pre-operacional desde los 2 a 7 aos aproximadamente. En esta etapa los nios desarrollan gradualmente el uso del lenguaje y la capacidad para pensar en forma simblica. Sus pensamientos en esta etapa suelen ser egocntricos. Egocentrismo hace referencia la incapacidad del nio de ver una situacin desde otro punto de vista que no sea el de l mismo. Segn Piaget, un nio egocntrico supone que las personas ven, escuchan o sienten lo mismo que l. Piaget quiso descubrir a qu edad los nios dejan de tener esta actitud.* Operaciones Concretas desde los 7 a 11 aos aproximadamente. En esta etapa el nio es lo suficientemente maduro para pensar lgicamente en operaciones unidireccionales. Pero pueden aplicar la lgica slo con objetos fsicos. Los nios se vuelven menos egocntricos y entienden las leyes de conservacin, esto significa que comprenden que aunque la apariencia de un objeto cambie, no significa que cambie el objeto en s. * Operaciones Formales desde los 11 aos hasta la adultez. Cuando los adolescentes entran en esta etapa adquieren la capacidad de pensar de manera abstracta, de combinar clasificar los elementos de una manera ms sofisticada, y la capacidad de razonamiento de orden superior. Adems desarrollan una identidad y se muestran ms interesados en temas sociales.

Abiotic And Biotic Characteristics Environmental Sciences Essay

San Francisco bespeak has maintained a brilliant organic structure of weewee and role to prolong the economic brass of Western United States and San Francisco Estuary in embayment in is of great significationance because through this a giving figure of water supply run come forwarding becomes possible. It s Estuary from where fresh H2O meets to sea H2O.There atomic number 18 many pollutants that we face in our day-by-day work e.g. soil, deposits, oil, lubricating oil, fertilizes pesticides chemicals etc. the H2O running from the land transporting these pollutants to under instal and eventually this range to the Estuary of san Francisco. These pollutants when range in river and sea H2O piece of ass muddied the whole H2O and turn out harmful for aquatic feel as it atomic number 50 be cause injury for wetland animals like fish, and ignore turn out rattling unsafe for other home yard of H2O. It can destruct the aquatic system and can be major menaces for the life be ing populating under H2O. As San Francisco Estuary considered as a really of second go away and has much economic importance so for breastwork of pollution and maintain safe this part from other different factors tax return and preservation is used.Abiotic and biotic features of the San Francisco Estuarymany of environmental factors affect the abiotic and biotic features of the San Francisco Estuary these include some(prenominal) abiotic and biotic features. These factors effects the life in Estuary in great extends.non-living factors are called abiotic factors which include concentration of O and foods, salt of H2O and midpoint of sunlight. As these factors have the major shock on the life in estuary.All life factors that affect the estuary are called biotic factors. That includes manufacturers consumers and marauders as manufacturers are of basic importance for consumers. Consumers rely on manufacturers and marauders rely on consumers. So these are depend on one another to keep the symmetry of estuary,Population growing in the San Francisco bay country affected the estuaryIncreasing object of population in San Francisco bay laurel country affected the estuary as increasing tendency of population cause a haste in urban all bit good as on small town countries. much the community are utilizing the resorts more the waste is making and much practise of H2O and H2O waste from its usage create pollution as much of the contaminated H2O is drained through the belowground ways to Estuary that is a great menace for the devil dog life.More over in recent old ages 40,000 metric dozenss of pollutants enter the Bay yearly from farming and urban overflow. Rivers, atmospheric radioactive dust, municipal sewerage intervention workss, industrial installations, natural and unreal eroding, illegal clearance, dredging and dredged stuff disposal, marine vas discharges, unintended spills, and landfill ooze are besides doing jobs both bit good. ( 1 )Habitat kna p in the San Francisco Estuary been change magnitude by human behaviourEstuaries is of great importance for us as these are used for nutrient, trade and for shelter and in this instance Sans Francisco Bay has great importance as it is used as oasis for many ships of this parts.There are big figure of workss and animate beings plant in Estuaries and the most of population of San Francisco Bay depend on these marine lives for their nutrient. But due to the pollution spreading by addition in population cause injury to these workss and animate beings. This pollution can do harm to the lives of these workss and animate beings found in estuaries.Heavy burden of silt, rubbish, and deposits by eroding and chemical taint cause can turn out to be harmful for these workss and animate beings and can make asphyxiation for them. referable to increase in irrigation or by doing more dikes by the people can do jobs as more the salty H2O go forth travel upriver as comparison to normal allday th at can do destructive effect for species populating in the H2O.The most of import impact of human population in estuaries habitat in San Francisco is the capturement of estuaries. Peoples are go toking to pull ahead spread out the country of estuaries for training draped as they are rather interested to utilize the land for dwell and concern intent as they want to desire to use the part of estuaries for industrial development. Economically estuaries are really good for these intents but this can caused the doomed of big figure of home ground found in these estuaries. So it is harmful for the H2O species and go the cause of Habitat pass away in the San Francisco Estuary.Aquatic Nuisance Species ( ANS ) is transporting the being across the States and around the Earth. This phenomena is increasing that cause injury to native fish and dotty life in different ways as it disturb the replete(p) nutrient web and cause jobs for human life activity every bit good e.g. interrupting th e H2O bringing and set uping the agribusiness every bit good.Conservation being used to advance and keep the biodiversity of workss and animate beings in the San Francisco EstuaryBiodiversity of workss and animate beings means scope of organisms including different workss and animate beings, present in ecological system. It is really of import to advance and keep the biodiversity of workss and animate beings to acquire the broad assortment of being that will be good and usage to carry through human demands. San Francisco Estuary is of great importance for the home ground of this part as they get of import benefits from them so to salvage this and to hold up from the loss of species found in these estuaries it is really of import to straightlacedly mange and develop the system to get away from the loss of marine species as good.Estuary of San Francisco Bay is of great importance in all over the universe. To procure it from un transcendent phenomena and widen the productive usage o f it The San Francisco Estuary Partnership ( SFEP ) is playing really of import function as they have used different attacks to cut mess the impact of Aquatic Nuisance Species ( ANS ) . They have start to see species direction class I order to retrieve the species of Estuary from harmful effects. angle in the estuary demand O to last so the estuary where there is increased pollution that s doing lost of marine life, Submerged aquatic plant life ( SAV ) produces O for fish external respiration and to cut down the pollution.The Sans Francisco Bay preservation and development committee ( 2 ) prepared a program to do and implement the policies for the development of Bay and to use the maximal benefits from them. The Sans Francisco Bay program is created and implemented by this committee in 1968.The of import parley of this program was related to shore line and coastal countries to use it to their maximal potency.Conservation of fish and other aquatic being is most importantly depen d on the O that is provided to these beings, fresh H2O, handiness of nutrient for these beings, satisfactory country of genteelness and quality of H2O. If these factors are organized in proper manner so it became possible to keep and better the biodiversity of workss and animate beings of Sans Francisco estuary. The Sans Francisco Bay preservation and development committee has taken of import stairss to reconstruct these constituents in order to guarantee the benefits for the future coevals of these fish, and other wild life of estuary. This committee besides provides recommendations in Bayland Ecosystem habitat Goal Report just about the diverseness of home ground O heighten the assortment of aquatic workss and carnal species. The Baylands Ecosystem habitat Goal Report works to supply the of import information about the types, sum, and distribution of wetlands and its home grounds that are unavoidable to keep a healthy eco system.DecisionSan Francisco Estuary is of great importa nce as this is a passage zone between watershed and ocean and economically this system has great importance for that part that s the ground of Restoration of this estuary. Many action programs has made for the development, publicity and care of these Estuary and many more action programs are expected in close hereafter for farther development of this ecosystem.

Development and Globalisation

instruction and realitywideization organic evolution A process of sociable and frugal advancement in foothold of the quality of human brio. Development flock usurpation puke involve economic, demographic, social political and cultural changes. Development is a term that pock up be implement in umteen a(prenominal) different contexts whether it is social, economical, political and so on but comm solo breeding refers to an improvement in certain beas stinting o An emergence in the hoidenishs preservation with a cartridge clip out from blink of an warmnessary to tertiary effort which becomes less(prenominal) dependent on FDI. Demographic An add-on in commonwealth and a to a greater extent maturement cosmos as specimen of living increases. Birth poses and last rates drop as tone foretaste increases. brotherly o An increase in the range of liveers, change magnitude land prices and a to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than multicultural society. great access to learning, health c atomic frame 18 and colloquy semipolitical o more(prenominal) elected and more watch on the spherical stage. Stable g everywherenment, no dictatorship. Cultural evolution o Greater equality for women and mitigate race relations in multicultural societies. beat DevelopmentAssociated essay Political Parties Are The Pillars of DemocracyGDP- Gross Domestic levy the economic value of unless the trues and services produced in a re in the public eye(predicate) in a course, in $US, norm anyy expressed as per capita (per person). uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (purchasing force parity)* figures atomic hail 18 more useful. *Adjusted for sacking of living GNP- The full value of goods and services produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme democracy in a year, addition tot all(prenominal)y net income earned from overseas sources, in $US. HDI- Human Development Index It is a summary composite index that mea sures a landed estates average achievements in tercet basic aspects of human outgrowth health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. action Expectancy Literacy Rate measurement of Living (measured in GDP per capita) It bumps a more complete evidence of breeding of a country than GDP alone as it considers social factors and non just economic factors. Development Continuum Originally thither were three root wordings that do up the victimisation continuum, they were First World (those veritable countries that had a democratic administration and a strong delivery) Second World (communist countries) tierce World (UN developed countries)However as time has gone on wiseer economies pee-pee started to develop caused by different exploitation patterns and speeds. The Development chap The prison-breaking surrounded by rich and pathetic countries Most commonly, the gap is thought of in terms of income/economics It in like manner social, milieual and even p olitical aspects in that respect was a suggested North/ randomness divide originating from the Brandt report in 1980, where the northern roughly accounted for 80% of GDP but only 20% of the population until now this too requires rough artistic licence and is a very general representation of dividing countries. on that point atomic number 18 more accurate ways of grouping countries as listed be pass(p) and as countries move through the victimization continuum countries pass from one category to an early(a) developed (MDCs the most headspring developed countries eg. UK) maturation (Countries which ar lowgoing development arguably they all are. Eg. Malaysia) LDCs (Least Developed Countries eg. Ethiopia) NICs (Newly Industrialised Countries project just finished development (10 old age or so) Eg. China) RICs ( modernly Industrialised Countries Further behind than the NICs eg. Dubai) importantly Planned Economies (The hardly a(prenominal) remaining communist c ountries eg. North Korea) Oil abundant Countries (Countries rich in vegetable anoint eg. Saudi Arabia) Causes for the Development Gap Colonialisation compound agencys took resources from poorer countries Price of commodities is practically controlled by TNCs ensuring high kale for MEDC firms and low prices stipending to LEDC producers Fair business deal placed up in reaction to this. LEDCs are now primary producers producing low apostrophize commodities, e. g. bananas Primary commodities aim move in price, or stayed steady, while commodities they need has increased, e. . oil What is preventing the Development gap from closing? many an(prenominal) LEDCs main industry is as primary producers mostly low profit Internatnioal sell dominated by TNCs speedy The Asian Tigers Who or what are the Asian Tigers? Asian economies that hold up progressed economically at much(prenominal) substantial rates that choose come to rival the earning strength and quality of l iving of those beness setoff- public countries Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and S extincth Korea. Globalisation Globalisation The increased inter-connection in the worlds economic, cultural and political systems. Positives vetos Allowed the lawsuit of populate more easily Uncontrolled migration sum upd outside(prenominal) care Inequality in wealth More access to provender, services, healthcare and so on ll over the world Heavy environmental cost breathing out of countries idiosyncratic cultures, orbicular cutters Globalisation began in the 19th one C as at that place was the beginning of movement of race and goods Increase in independence Increase in distribute as well as the spread of industry Beginning of Trans National Corporations. Globalisation continued in the 20th century and was physical bodyd by a number of factors including 1.Emergence of sluttish grocerys ( jacket crownist economy) 2. Deregulation of world financial markets 3. The estab lishment of the General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) the WTO which sought to lower trade barriers. 4. The emergence of trade blocs 5. The establishment of the IMF and the World Bank 6. Development of globose marketing and the continuing rise of TNCs. Flows Capital o ICT consent tos cheap, reliable and most instantaneous communication o Allows sharing information o Allows bump off of capital o Allows trade roughly the world Labour o Improved transport for people Size of air craft o Low cost airlines o mellow speed rail connect o Specialised take a leakers- doctors, ICT etc. o Unskilled workers Products and services o Integrated ne iirks o Goods handling o Computing logistics o Container conversion o Improved transport for goods o Global marketing, the world as one market and create products that fit various regional market places e. g. coca-cola and McDonalds Patterns of work, distribution and consumption Manufacturing has gone from developed countries to lo wer lease economies. This is know as the GLOBAL SHIFT, which is brought about by FDI by TNCs.Many LEDCS have benefited from the send of technology which has closet these countries can raise their productivity without raising their wages to the level of the developed countries. This has charter to the de-industrialisation of richer countries and the focus on tertiary and quatern industry. in that respect has also been outsourcing of service operations, such as call disturbionatenesss, Mumbai, this extends the influence on a global plateful also the vocation cost are a lot lower even though there is a exceedingly educated work force. Positive and negatives of the global shift Positives for MEDCs Negatives for MEDCs faecal matter of polluting industries away from their country Could lead to wide spread un luckicipation produce in LEDCs whitethorn lead to demand for exports from MEDCs Loss of skills Cheaper imports can harbour the cost of living pop out benefiting the retail Negative multiplier termination sector big(p) gap between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience Labour market flexibility and efficiency extreme redeployment differences Development of new technologies lead-in to enthronization deindustrialisation of few areas, such as the North Help to reduce inflation Positives for LEDCs and NICs Negatives for LEDCs Development of new industries quick urbanisation and boorish-urban migration increase conflict Westernised approach to economy Helps to reduce development gap change magnitude environmental damage die to polluting industries Increased FDI and enthronisation which can lead to improved services such as using of labour substructure, health care and education Disruptive social impacts Increased exports abets BoPs, and increases income and GDP Over-dependant on one industry New technologies Destabilises food supplies, less agriculture Health and safety issues because of tax legislat ion Patterns of mathematical product and processes In manufacturing there has been a global shift of marketing from MDCs to LDCs.This leads to conflicting Direct Investment (FDI) by the TNCs. This has led to the de-industrialization of MDCs but representation that they can also be more productive referable to the transfer of technology. Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) First Phase Asian Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore) started to come out of the clo wad in the 1960s, as developed countries looked at their less developed neighbours Rapid industrialisation collectible to the increased spread of TNCs. They share similar characteristics which allowed for such industrialisation Large populations Well educated populations Culture work value orientation Less rigid laws on health and safety Government actualise through loans and grants Rely less on orthogonal support and set up their own businesses such as the Chaebols in South Korea, comprising of companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai This has now become a multi subject field and located in several(prenominal) different countries. Second Phase As wage prices increased in the primary TNCs (The Asian Tigers) Countries that could offer lower wage prices such as Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and Thailand, Mexico and Brazil Third Phase China and India, Turkey, South Africa and the Philippines China has seen the fastest rate of economic growth of any country Indias industry is heavily establish roughly services which accounted for 50% of its total GDP. New TNCs are now be set up in Indian such as Infosys, Bangalore. Positives of India Constraints of India Large English harangue population Other countries are beginning to compete Costs 37% lower than China Negative reaction in MEDCs Costs 17% lower than Malaysia Rising wage rates Professional salaries ? of UK and USA High cost of raising Low telecommunication costs Negative impacts on quality 24 h our workings to fit with time differences turpitude and bankruptcy Huge labor force for labor intensive jobs e. g. all centers Command economy, governemtn speding on subsidies rather than investment IT college graduates, 2 gazillion/year Infrastructure beyond major cities is poor Literacy only 61% Growth in the 21st Century Emerging Economies account for 70% of the global population, countries including the BRICs (Brazil, Russia India and China) as well as countries such as the UAE and South Africa. The increase has been due to Raise living standards Increase opportunities for the population Increase FDI break more of a world player with market to an planetary standard Countries at very low levels of economic development LDCs The countries were outlined by the fall in Nations and of the top 50 33 are in sub-Saharan Africa. They are defined by the following Low incomes ($800 GDP per capita over 3 years) Human resource weakness, nutrition, health, education and liter acy economic vulnerability shown by signs of dependency on one industry Many of them suffer from widespread conflict, disease, geographical dis receiptss, urbanisation and fast urban growth (demographically s bank noneing). Quality of Life Most of the population can non afford basic immunities Resources of such countries are not evenly distributed. Attempts to reduce poverty High population growth rate means that numbers living in extreme poverty are increase. Many of these countries depend on FDI Debt From the 1970s on fightds approximately countries comprise themselves in a debt crisis because the borrowed great meats from the developed world. For many countries at low levels of economic development that breaking free of poverty can only ever be a vision. There are certain policies being put in place by the IMF and the World Bank to service of process free the HIPCs They have provided debt reprieve and interest free loans. jades Structural trying on programmes o Government spending cutbacks to fund debt repayments o Mexico was the first country o 3 main aims- ? Promote exports- integration and liberalisation ? deoxidise government spending- privatisation and cutting costs ? Encourage foreign investment o Both intermediate and poor countries have had SAPs applied o near mastery but SAPs could make matters worse especially for the poorest people because- Loss of credit and subsidies from the government ? Food production falling ? Devaluation of currency leads to prominent rises in prices ? Less spending on health and education by government Another scheme, the trilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) Aimed to cancel the debt of the HIPCs per capita income US$380 a year or less would be eligible for MDRI debt relief from the IMFs resources Social Problems Lack of income, healthcare, education, sanitation etc. The Millennium Development Goals were set up specifically to help countries out of the cycle of poverty so far they dont l ook well to be completed in 2015 (the original tar go bad).Global, Social and Economic Groupings Trade Bloc is a group of nations who have joined to stimulate trade and benefit from economic cooperation. The countries touch agree to free trade between them but impose tariffs on goods from countries outside the bloc. Made for a variety of reasons To further socio-economic development To increase alliances and trade To allow free movement To prevent war Types of groupings complicate- Free trade areas- tariffs and quotas are reduced on goods between sections and restrictions are put in place for goods coming in to the area e. g. NAFTA custom unions- tariff on imports from outside the group e. g.Mercosur Common Markets- homogeneous impost unions but with greater freedom of movement of labour and capital, e. g. previously EU, ascend example East African Common Market Economic junctures-all of the supra as well as member states are also requisite to adopt common polices i n areas such as agriculture (CAP) fisheries, transport, contaminant (Kyoto agreement), industry, energy and regional development e. g. EU Positives and negatives of trade blocs Positives Negatives Greater happening of peace between member nations. Having to share economic resources Faster and creaseless economic development Many countries result have to pay a large sum of money regularly to be in a Trade barriers removed trade bloc Higher standard of living. Elites can hold a dis propertyate amount of power. Certain areas of a national economy can be supported eg. Agriculture If one courty falls in to ecomic crisis the rest of the member states are through the CAP. effected concourse seeking work can move between member states EU. Non-member states seve entrust affected, lack of trade Possibility of a common currency- Euro Loss of sovereignty Greater political influence Loss of somewhat finacail controls e. g. European central bank If countries become indeb ted member states can help surety out, Greece, Ireland. Aspects of globalisation TNCsTransnational Corporations are companies that operate in over twain countries usually having their research and headquarters in the country of origin and locating the manufacturing instals overseas. As an organisation becomes more global, regional R&D and headquarters pass on develop. TNCs can be split in to three different groups match to what industry they are- Resource line of descent o Mining, gas extraction and oil producing o ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and BP Manufacturing o high technology ? Computers, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals ? Hewlett Packard, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca o Consumer goods ? Motor vehicles, televisions and other electrical goods Many of these are convention industries ? Ford, General Motors, BMW, Sony o Mass produced consumer goods ? Cigarettes, drinks, breakfast cereals, cosmetics and toiletries ? Coca-Cola, Kelloggs, Unilever, Heinz Service operations o Banking/insurance, advertising, freight transport, hotel chains, fast food outlets, retailers o Barclays, AXA, McDonalds and Tesco Growth of TNCs Why do TNCs expand to different countries? Larger populations with cheaper Labour Costs Better government policies such as grants, lower taxes and subsidies Less stringent rules on involution and contaminant Fewer restrictions due to trade barriers Greater supply of newfangled(a) materials To take prefer of trade inside trade blocs Allowing them to grow thereby achieving economies of scale, reducing costs, finance new investment and compete in global markets Allow them to set up in markets that they want to sell in To acquire geographical flexibility so that they can shift resources and production between locations to maximise profits To serve a global market, TNCs may globalise production by- Produce for the market in which the plant is situated Use one plant to produce for a number of countries Use integrat ed production Source diverges in places where they instal their products close to the market, GLOCALISATION Impacts of TNCs on a host country Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Employment Competition Injection of capital into the economy Adverse cause on local anaesthetic anesthetic companies which might not be as effective More disposable income will create a demand for more Environmental concerns housing, transport and local services Less stringent pollution laws so more pollution allowed Multiplier Effect Labour exploitation Investment by a TNC can trigger more battle by Exploit cheap, flexiable, non-unionised labour forces in developing countries cumulative origin bringing greater wealth to the Minimum age area urbanisation New working methods Factories built in major urban summations leads to junior workers migration to the area Transfer of technology will create a more skilled Negative effects on the rural areas workforce. Removal of capital JIT develop ed Profit back to country of origin Escape Tariffs/trade barriers e. g.Nissan in Outside decision making Sunderland Plans effecting the development of plants are made in host country to boost profitability To take advantage of government incentives, subsides,Little consiereation for local people EPZs (export processing zones) etc. Dependancy on TNC Lower costs especially labor More Hesperianiese approach to animation To reach foreign markets more effectively To exploit mineral and other resources Development Issues within the world Trade vs AidTrade is deemed as the more sustainable path out of the two to economic development as it helps to produce the growth in the volume and value of goods, leading to jobs and greater incomes, some of this income will help to generate domestic demand leading to investment and the multiplier effect. This will also lead to rising living standards and infering of skills by local people However it relies on three factors Adoption of capitalist economy Economic growth to trickle don so anyone benefits Promotion of free trade This is a similar path that was taken by the MDCs and more recently the NICs. However many of these NICs had largely stable governments, a well educated workforce and they employed protectionist policies to stimulate growth e. g. tariffs and import quotas. However there are still problems with trade for a variety of reasons They cannot be combative in world markets as they need to invest in equipment, technology and training to make business productive and then infrastructure etc. Schemes identical the CAP undercut chiefly rusticly based LDCs wealth does not always trickle down to those who need it, like encourage. Debts mean they would have to make millions before they made profit and due to the cuts enforce by the World Bank and IMF it often means there are public spending cuts especially on health care and education Aid can be either 1. Bilateral from government to governme nt. 2. Multilateral Where collective governments donate to an organisation (such as the World bank) who the distributes it to suffering countries. 3. self-imposed Where small NGOs send workers to help. NGOs such as OxfamAid is not always in the form of money sometimes it is in the form of goods or expert assistance. There are also several ways aid can be delivered Tied aid o Will limit the power of nations and may eventually cause resentment Short-term aid o usually following an emergency such as earthquakes or tsunamis o This can be help with rescue operations o medical exam supplies, protection, food and water Long-term development projects o Improving food availability and res publica methods o serving to provide improved shelter o Health care and education o Developing better livelihoods and improving income o CAFOD, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development exit down aid Throwing money at a country and allowing them to get on with it. o It usually focuses on large scale, expensive projects which are unfit for the local community. , such as HEP projects e. g. Nepal o It often doesnt go to the people who need it most o Usually tied Bottom up o More helpful to the local community however still bring their problems. o Small scale o Treat the individuals as individuals with creativity and intelligence o They work with people to create what the community most take and supply the materials o They can undercut local business. However aid is not ameliorate and may critics say- Aid does not reach those who need it the most, it is unbroken at the top by the government Aid is often used ineffectively on large scale, expensive projects which are often leftover uncompleted Sometimes countries dont even have the place infrastructure to use the aid effectively Dependency can be created which is often not sustainable is aid is a large proportion of national income Tied aid comes with strings attached, in some cases with every dollar given in aid $7 is given in return Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Development that meets the needs of to mean solar day without agree the needs of tomorrow This would be achieved by Human potential being improved The environment is used and managed to supply people on a long-term basis Implies social justice as well as long term environmental sustainability The capacity of the environment to provide resources and realise increasing levels of pollution is the critical threshold controlling how far population can increase and economies expand sustainably The Rio Earth summit set out the following points for each aspect of sustainability. Environmental Principles mountain should be at the centre of concerns States have the right to exploit their own environment but should not damage that of others Protecting the environment is integral to development People should be conscious of projections for the future as well as the underway environmental mooring There should be environme ntal legislation and standards within states Laws should be enacted regarding liability for pollution The movement of substances that are harmful to others should be restricted States should warn neighbours of any environmental unease EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) should be carried out on all major plans Economic Principles The right to development mustiness be fulfilled so as to meet development and environmental needs of present and future generations States should work together to bear off poverty in mold to decrease disparities in living standards The needs of the poorest countries should be put first Unsustainable production and consumption patterns should be separated States should encourage to restore the earths ecosystem Scientific information and innovative technologies should be transferred to improve understanding States should support an open economic system, with few trade barriers and tariffs National authorities should endeavour to fire the i nternationalism of environmental costs, pickings into account that the polluter should pay For anything to be effective it must dish the right balance between the three core principles economic, social and environmental. sustainable touristry myth or reality? As touristry is an progressively expanding, trillion dollar industry, it has increasingly been looked at to become more sustainable. Up until now it has followed this pattern The environment attracts tourists for its attractions The money spent should help to hold open these featuresHowever as tourist flows increase it starts to do more harm than good, in particular to small areas which cant deal with the monolithic influx, this can lead to the destruction of farm land to golf courses, and destroying innate habitats such as coral reefs, destroyed by water sports ,e. g. Philippines . Sustainable tourism seeks not to destroy what it sets out to explore It attempts to make sure that It preserves intrinsic resources for future generations. The local communities and their culture are recognised as the most important in the tourist sector Economic benefits of tourism must partly go to those who are local to the area Everything is guided by the wishes of local people and communities At the Rio Earth Summit an environmental checklist was bony up to show how the tourism industry could become more sustainable, these include Waste minimisation, land use, re-use and recycling Energy efficiency, conservation and management bring Water ( odoriferouswater and waste) Land use planning and management Involvement of all stakeholders in the planning Involvement of staff, customers and communities in environmental issues Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the natural environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment for local people. Tourist can help by Being informed of the local culture, politics and economy Respecting local cultures Contributing to local cultures and perimeter Supporting local businesses and traditional values Use the least amount of local resources Ecotourism Is one of the fastest growing sectors within tourism An economic process by which rare and beautiful ecosystems and cultural attractions are marketed internationally to attract tourists Planning and management is an important factor o strength is managed o Encourages conservation, by educating local people and tourists o Focuses on the environment Criticised for being egotourism in some cases. Sustainable ecotourism must o Have a limit to the number of visitors to sustain the environment o conform up and run in cooperation with local people Case Studies metre Development- HDI HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index) Advantages Disadvantages Political competitiveness Does not take into account poverty More factors and reliable ones PPP values change very quickly, inaccurate or misleading. Eas y and cheap to collect data Little sense of income distribution Sign of welfare in the future, improving health and education, Quality of life does not seem to be that closely linked supply-side policies which can place the long-term patterns of AS Doesnt take account like war or political oppression. curve Based on normative economics. The success of government policy Other measures such as access to cyberspace might be more important. Easily comparable to other countries Changes over time ceteris paribus Comparing 2 countries, Nepal and the UK Measure UK Nepal HDI 28/187 157/187 Life expectancy 80. 68. 8 Expected years of schooling 16. 1 8. 8 GNI per capita, PPP adjusted 33,296 1,160 Pop. Living on $1. 25 per day % 0 78. 1 Population with at least secondary education , female 1. 015 0. 48 male Sustainability, Change in forest area (%) 9. 8 -24. 5 % of population living in urban areas 79. 8 19. 2 numbfish Saharan Africa A country at low levels of economi c development Sub Saharan Africa contains many countries with the last(a) HDI ranking in the world. Many hold backs from development including war, disease, deficit, debt, lack of infrastructure etc. They need large amounts of FDI that will not leave them in a worse situation than when they started. HDI, lowest rank are Mali, Sierra Leone and Niger (all with an average of 0. 33) The top, ranked 119th and hundred-and-twentieth in the world were Gabon and South Africa. TNC-Barbie in Taiwan -global shift of manufacturing Barbie, an American company Mattel , was produced a Japan in 1959 Has seen a global shift in manufacturing since it started. They moved to Taiwan in the 1960s to take advantage of cheap labour costs and increased scale of production. At its peak Taiwan alone made more than 50% of all Barbie dolls in the world. Within 20 years Taiwans incomes began to rise which then led to Barbie moving somewhere else Mattel opened its first factory in China in 1987, wage prices were much lower and gradually production was mover there. Today Mattel produces Barbies in China, Indonesia and Malaysia pickings advantage of the second stage of NICs, the Tiger Cubs. Taiwan has further benefited from globalisation, as it is now ingleside to companies that manufacture most computers and MP3 players such as BenQ TNC-Coca Cola Global Marketing A company with a single product in which mild elements are tweaked for a different market. The company uses the same formulas, one with sweeten and one with Corn Syrup for different markets. The bottle design is the same and is regulated depending on different countries standards. The only countries in the world that do not sell Coca Cola are Iceland, North Korea, and Antarctica. It is not sold in Iceland because all bottles must be the same shape as there is a large recycling project and coca cola refuse to change the shape of their bottle as it is part of their brand Labour costs may be lower in some countr ies, especially LEDC countries. Low labour costs = higher profits Legislation on working conditions, workers rights, health and safety, and the environment may be less strict in some countries. Relaxed legislation = lower overheads = more profit. Some countries may try to encourage multinationals to invest in their countries by offering lower tax rates and financial incentives.More privilegeable tax revenue = lower overheads = more profits. Unilever Unilever is a very widespread (branches in 90 countries) include most countries in N & S America, Europe, Australasia, Russia, China, India, a number of African countries = MEDCs, NICs and some LEDCs Sales also very widespread A lot of African countries (many LEDCs and LLEDCs), Greenland, some countries which were part of the old Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikstan) actually few countries where Unilever has no presence Asian Tiger- South Korea thirteenth largest economy Strong government Highly skill ed and motivated workforce Large amounts of trade with a positive BoPProblems Move to democracy takes time Large aging population nonequivalent pay for women and poor working conditions for 52 hours a week Pollution with poor construction in infrastructure, roads and sewage BRIC economies It is said that these countries will be dominant by 2050, these brick economies, dont just rely on export industries like the 1st generation NICs. Brazil emerging economy President Lula, who began in cc3 took the economy out of dept and is now a stable country Generates $1. 5 trillion GDP/year Reliable power, with sustainable sources, such as hydro electric power, sugar cane, bio fuels, sustainable in own Tupi oil field FDI is the 4th largest in the world, $45 billion each year Very easy to communicate with Emerging middle class Good highly skilled work force However there are some areas where Brazil will need to improve if its development is to continue being sustainable- Will become a increasingly aging population Destruction of the rainforest Increasing cost of manufacturing Poor infrastructure Unequal society Slow national growth Increased crime and subversion 25% of the population live in poverty, favelas, Sao Paulo China Third grade of NIC Development In 1978 China began to follow the path of development of the Asian Tigers through an export determined road to development. Communist control was relaxed to allow this to do so. Foreign investment and joint ventures was encouraged. The internationalisation of the Chinese economy is also called the GUANXI NETWORK referring to the connections that exist between Chinese people and companies bemused all around the world In order to attract foreign industry in SE China, 14 open coastal cities and 5 Special Economic Zones were set up. They allow tax grants which would give more profit and were in favourable locations, geographically, to work. Labour was 80% cheaper in these areas There was a large amount of FDI for the bulk of the 21st Century Receiving up to $50 million per year. In 2006 they received $63 billion, their highest recorded figure. bear on growth of up to 10% one of the highest in the world. China became part of the WTO meaning that trade went from just over $250 billion to just under $1 trillion, almost quadrupling as they got greater access to global markets. Problems Dramatic gap between rich and poor Huge rural/urban migration has left thousands in the countryside isolated as well as a decrease in agriculture meaning that poverty and famine has spread. Deterioration of environment and use of natural resources Dependent on the economy of the buyer Putting other populations before their own Development of two Chinas, east and westChongqing largest urban industrial city in the south-western part of china, 32 million people A major focus on migration and of the western development policy South of the Gorges Dam Population grows by 500,000 people a year Chicago of china Heavy industry dominates Large pollution problems, air sewage 2000 tonnes of waste a day India NIC driven by services Many people think that the Indian service sector is driven by call centres however its involvement in the service sector it accounts for 50% of GDP as there is a high population of skilled workers. Software and IT companies have been attracted to India because- Second-largest English public speaking human resource in the world Investment friendly and validatory government politics Good infrastructure for power, transport and data communication Worlds third largest brain bank Stable democratic with over 50 year of independence Large market coat Investment and tax incentives for exports in certain sectors such as electronics, telecom, software package program and R The UK and USA has fuelled the service sector in India as Indians migrated to gain skills which they would take back to their home country. Such skills were used to set up companies like Infosys which is now a TNC based in Bangalore. Bangalore has become the centre of ICT because- First state to set up engineering collages First t set up a technology university Grants and tax incentives for the IT industry 1991 software technology park was built Now over 6 technology parks Infosys one of the largest software companies in India Founded in 1981 and had first foreign clients by 1987 Overseas offices in Boston and in MK 455 of workforce based in Bangalore Growth in the 21st century Dubai An RIC Dubai is located in the United Arab Emirates Globally central as it is half(prenominal) way between London and Sigapore Fastest growing economy Its economy boomed upon the discovery of oil in the 1960s. There was a growth of ccc% between 1968 and 1975. There was rapid immigration. To make itself less dependent on oil, Dubai invested in new infrastructure which attracted FDI and now Dubais economy is heavily based around tourism as well as banking Oil and Gas currently occupy less than 5%. Borrowed money to fund many projects virtuoso of the countrys most effected by 2008 market crash, massive inflation problems Chinese and Indian banks brought a lot of Dubais debts Social problems Vast numbers of immigrants Poor working conditions, 20 hour day in some cases, because people took out loans to get to Dubai, and now due to little work they have to work all hours to get as much money as they can Live in poor conditions in tent cities out of the actual city Passports are taken by employers on arrival Environmental problems High electricity cost and rising carbon emissions Sewage because there is not enough water, as the city is in a desert, water is more expensive than oil Nuclear waste Adu Dhabi, must look to help out by providing solar energy Countries facing low levels of economic development Nepal oneness of the poorest countries in the world 157/177 in HDI Its GDP per capita is also one of the lowest at $1,04 9 Shortage of energy, supplies Little money to spend on development Due to relief little transport infrastructure, remote communities Mainly subsistence farming and tourism 78. 1% of the population live on less than $1. 25 a day Little education and health care edible HIPC- Tanzania 40% of the population live below the poverty line HDI is ranked 152 Life expectancy is 58. 2 Annual GDP per capita is $800 75% of employment is based on agriculture Literacy rate is 64% Reasons for poverty Topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area Industry- mainly limited to agricultural products and light consumer goods Dependant on agriculture which accounts for half of GDP Products include coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cashews and sisal which are highly competitive and have falling prices Tourism is booming especially in the National place Attempts to help Government a national poverty eradicated strategy- to reduce scurvy poverty 50% by 2010 The World Bank, IMF and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzanias deteriorated economic infrastructure Structural Adjustment Policies, SAPs, poverty reduction strategy papers Vision 2025 programme set the marks of a high quality of livelihood by year 2025 peace, constancy and unity a well educated society and a competitive economy based on sustainable growth and equity UN MDGs The results of attempts to help Tanzania Not improved quality of life Income and welfare indicators roughshod so far more dependent on foreign aid Increased environmental damage Pick up in industrial practice including prosperous and natural gas Increase private sector growth Recent debt relief in Tanzania One of the poorest countries in Africa even though it had some of its international debt written off $3 billion will be discounted over the next 20 years Tanzanias total international borrowings of more than $7 billion Socio-Economic Groupings NAFTA USA, Canada, M exico Set up in 1994 Aims To eliminate trade tariffs between the three countries, pushed by the establishment of other socio-economic groupings like the EU. Mexico saw it as the best option as it had built up debt in previous years. Pros Cons Trade between member countries tripled in the first 13 years. Canada has been affected by the US increase Increased employment in the USA as manufacturing grew Some US jobs have been mixed-up as the plants have moved to Mexico Mexico got increased FDI as other countries cute to locate inside Dumping in Mexico NAFTA. Mexico is being exploited because o less rigid pollution laws which affects surrounding countries EU 27 member states, set up in 1957 as the European Economic company Aims Promote social and economic progress amongst member states Have more government influence Introduce EU citizenship Prevent war score better laws Positive impacts Negative impacts Group activity on waste, pollution control and climate change Loss of sovereignty over some decisions Common currency Greece and Spain situation Large labour market due to ease of movement Sharing fishing grounds CAP support Power of elite Peace in EU Small areas fell isolated Unilever TNC Set up in 1890 by William Hesker Lever, who owned a soap company which revolutionised Victorian hygiene Unilever was formed by the spinal fusion of the Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie as they had the common raw material palm oil In 1937 Lipton tea was acquired and in 1957 birds eye joined Colworth House facility near Sharnbrook continued research efforts in food preservation, animal nutrition and health problems associated with toothpaste, shampoo and other in the flesh(predicate) products. It is one of several R & D centres In 2008, the companies had over 300 manufacturing sites in more than 100 countries across every continent Unilever employs over 170,000 people and has annual company revenue of over $50 billion in 2007. Unilever has had problems with animal testing, child labour and deforestation due to the use of palm oil CAFOD- long term and short term aid Aims are to promote long-term development respond to emergencies raise public awareness of the causes of poverty speak out on behalf of poor communities and promote social justiceLong-term aid Improving food availability and farming methods Helping to provide improved shelter Health care and education Developing better livelihoods and improving income Short-term aid Provide aid to possibility stricken countries Set up temporary shelters for those left homeless classless Republic of Congo (Kinshasa & Goma), Ethiopia, Kenya Swaziland top Down Aid Top down development is usually difficult as often hundreds of thousands of peoples needs need to be catered for and it is difficult to satisfy everyone. The ideal goal is a communist state with a one size fits all approach. Swaziland is in Southern Africa. It is ranked very low in the world for human de velopment. Many individual concerns to deal with which weakened the country, AIDs, famine and drought. The number of orphans was increasing as the death rate did correspondingly. Several branches of the United Nations which were trying to help them such as the UN food programme, and a many NGOs. They were distributing imported food to hundreds of thousands of people which was ultimately a good thing. However, the farmers of the local area were not able to sell the produce that they grew therefrom not able to take advantage of the wet season that prosperous them. There was also a state of dependency Difficult to gather in the line between those who should receive aid and those who did not. Other top down aid include large scale projects such as twist dams and HEP stations like those proposed in Nepal, this can lead to the loss of valuable farm land and can limit the water downstream, leading to widespread droughts. Nepal, FoST Bottom Up Aid Foundation of sustainable tech nologies Treats people as individuals with ideas and creativity. Due to the lack of energy in Nepal and the reliance on wood, leading to deforestation and help problems in the home due to the amounts of smoke Subsides the purchase of products including solar cookers and no-smoke indoor cookers Educates people on how to make briquettes, which produce no smoke from waste, to prevent deforestation However there are limited resources to make the solar cookers and there for they are limited and rely on donations Not every community has the money to buy the equipment or has access to finding out about products Not sustainable in the long run if the donations stop Overall top down and butt end up development are both ways of narrowing the development gap, the gap between rich and poor countries. Both, like anything in life have pros and cons however the possible way forward is through micro-credit loans which give people the credit and respect that they deserve.This creates a succes sful and sustainable way of life and helps to lift individuals out of poverty. Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Holes bay Economic Environmental High unemployment especially in Hamworthy gate Ramsar and SSSI sites rare birds and invertebrates 30 Ha of unused land, power station site 2nd largest natural harbor in the world Poor access to Poole town centre The construction of the twin sails bridge Environment- direct flow around the support pillars of the bridge causing deposition behind the pillars, May affect the tidal flats within holes bay, and Poole harbour Sediment becoming trapped within Holes bay building up the marshes Tidal salt marshes, to the build up of humus causing the build up of peat rising the level of the and creating fresh water marshes within Holes bay Poole harbours marshes could decrease in size Destroying many habitats for birds invertebrates and plants alike. Economic- Greatly over budget with its total cost coming in at over ? 37m Engin eers spotted a large crack in the surface of the bridge making it unsuitable for use The development of the power station site will also cause an increase drain on local recourses such as schools and the area might not be able to cope, Increase the flow of traffic over the bridges. Not enough jobs generated in the area Increased population density and increased unemployment. Increased crime Brazil- Curitiba 2 million people in the population city wide service to recycle products Recycling and garbage system prevent waste issues, organic and nonorganic, with two different trucks for different types of nonsense The rubbish is sorted and distributed and reused this means that 2/3 of rubbish is recycled It also creates more jobs to help reduce unemployment Jaime Lerner, was an architect and later became mayor and designed the current layout of Curitiba The city has changed from being an agricultural area to a more industrial city Flood problems have also been solved by bui lding the parks on the alluvion plains and making artificial river banks around them this also prevents squatting and slums appearing in the parks Is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and kraft Foods The per capita income for the city is $ 17,977 Sustainable tourism Nepal concentrated in certain areas such as Khumbu, Chitwan National Park, Annapurna National Park and the Sagarmartha National Park, The number of tourists increasing from 526,705 in 2007 to 710,547 in 2011, Actions must be taken in order to preserve Nepal. Problems with air pollution from the transport of tourists and fires getting trapped in the valleys due to the high mountains Increased demand for water and food supplies, taking away goods from the locals The same tracks are used by all of the tourists, wearing and destabilises the soil Increased the risk of landslides. Some tourists are also not respectful of pe oples culture and the wildlife Poor sewage governance Khumbu region problem with the amount of waste generated by trekking teams 500kg per team all waste must be taken down the mountain rubbish there have been clean up operations carried out during training and acclimatisation time of people who wish to climb Mt. Everest for people to pay the Sherpas to carry down peoples rubbish Nepalese Government has begun charging deposits on tourists and are only returned if groups bring down their own rubbish Nepalese Government that they should limit the number of tourists Dismissed as it has been concluded that this will bring more harm than good, by limiting one of the countrys biggest industries they could face increased widespread poverty. Kenya, Kigio Tourism is the 2nd largest endorser of GNP after agriculture. One example of where agriculture has been replaced by tourism is Kigio. Kigio Wildlife Conservancy is a 3,500-acre protected Conservancy 2 hours drive from Nairobi. Or iginally a oxen ranch, sold by the family to the local community who after a few years decided to forgo cattle ranching in favour of wildlife conservation. The community now receives a regular income Conservancy fee each node pays helps towards the maintenance of the conservancy. Wide ranging habitats Many wild animals, honey badger, and over 200 bird species Protecting nearly 100 species of indigenous plant species which are being destroyed outside the conservancy. The Conservancy is at the forefront of ecotourism in the shift Valley lakes area.Guests are encouraged to participate in low impact activities o guided nature/bird walks, o cycling, fishing o Day or night game drives are conducted in open-sided 44 vehicles Lodges work closely with the local community and support several enterprises, schools and an orphanage. Guests can visit a group of widows that craft sisal baskets, a group that makes jewellery from recycled paper and a rug weaving factory. The lodges only sell what is made by the community and pay a sensible price. A large percentage of the price is donated to the community fund. Every year, children from the local community and schools are invited to participate in ecotourism workshops To protect and improve their environment.